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anabolism
sum of synthesis rxns
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why do cells synthesize new organic molecules?
- cell growth
- maintenance
- repair
- synthesis of energy reserves (glycogen, proteins)
smaller mol --> larger mol reqs E
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catabolism
sum of all decompostion rxns
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catabolism
PDTs go into nutrient pool for:
- anabolism- making new mol
- further catab in mitochondria
- 40% ATP synthesis
- 60% lost as heat
larger mol to smaller mol - produces E
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ATP
nucleotide + 1 or 2 Pi = Stored E
Hydrolysis of terminal phosphate of ATP releases ~7.3 kcal/mol of E
ATP --> ADP + Pi + E
majority of ATP is from mitochondria
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mitochondria
- membranous organelle producing ATP
- "powerplant of cell"
- one, none or several per cell
- liver & muscle cells have multiple
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mitochondria makeup
- outer membrane
- inner membrane
- matrix
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mitochondria makeup
outer membrane
separates mitochondria from cytoplasm
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mitochondria makeup
inner membrane
- folds (cristae) increase surface area
- increases ATP production
- location of ETC
- ETC = oxidative phos. & a lot ATP productn
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mitochondria makeup
matrix
- "liquid" inside inner membrane
- location of TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)
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metabolism
all chemical rxns occuring in organism
metab = anab + catab
glycolysis & TCA are center of cell metab
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preferred energy sources of cell metab
- glucose
- triglycerides
- proteins
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preferred energy sources
glucose
- *preferred E source
- source: diet & glycogen stores (liver)
glycogen --> glucose
- - brain uses under non-starve condtns
- - only fuel that RBCs use
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preferred energy sources
triglycerides
- 2nd fave E source
- TG --> F.A + glycerol
- source: diet & triglyceride stores (adipocytes)
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preferred energy sources
proteins
- 3rd fave
- Protein --> aa
- source: diet & protein stores (muscle)
- only used under duress
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carb metab
cellular respiration
- use of O2 to convert organic mol into CO2 & H2O
- (by removing e-) to create E
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->
- 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
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processes involved in cellular respiration
- glycolysis (can occur in anaerobic condtn)
- TCA Prep (need O2)
- TCA cycle (need O2)
- ETC (need O2)
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Coenzymes: NAD+ & FAD
- non-protein, organic mol; usually vitamins
- carry H atoms, released during cell resp
- NADH & FADH2 both take 2 H off whoever
- The 2H reduce NAD+ & FAD = NADH & FADH2FAD can carry 2e & 2H = FADH2
- NAD+ can carry 2e & 1H
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NAD
B3 Niacin
- nicotinamide
- adenine
- dinucleotide
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FAD
B2 Riboflavin
- Flavin
- Adenine
- Dinucleotide
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Glycolysis
- [location: cytoplasm]
- glu in via carrier proteins (passive!)
- phosphorylated --> glucose-6-phosphate
- ATP -> ADP = fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- 6C convert to 2-3C
- (glyceraldehyde-3-phos & dihydroxyacetone phos)
- 2NAD -> 2NADH (1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid)
- 2ADP -> 2ATP (3-phosphoglyceric acid)
- release 2H2O
- Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
- 2ADP - 2ATP --> pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis
- 1 glucose converted to 2 pyruvate
- PDTS = 2ATP & 2NADH
2NADH transported into mitochondria for ETC
2Pyruvate then enters mitochondria (passive, no ATP)
*O 2 needed to continue, bc O 2 needed to regenerate NAD +
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TCA Prep
aka oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
- pyruvate in mitochondrial matrix
- O2 needed!
- C & O2 removed (=CO2)
- H removed & added to NAD+ (=2NADH)
- Results: 2 acetyl grps combine w/CoA
- =>2 Acetyl CoA
- PDTS: 2CO2 & 2NADH
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TCA Cycle: Overview
- [occurs in mitochondrial matrix]
- -each (2) acetyl CoA enters cycle
- -2 cycles/glucose mol
- -acetyl grp + oxaloacetic acid (4C)
- => citric acid (6C)
- -Citric Acid oxidized (H to NAD+ or FAD)
- carbons removed (CO2 generated)
- Regenerate oxaloacetic acid (4C)
- **cycle goes around 2x!
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Products of TCA cycle
- 4 CO2
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH2
- 2 ATP from GTP
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How is ATP made?
- ADP + Pi --> ATP
- phosphorylation
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2 types of phosphorylation make ATP
- substrate level phosphorylation
- oxidative phosphorylation
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substrate level phosphorylation
- reactive intermediate
- (GTP & 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid & phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis)
- E needed to make ATP comes from breaking GTP
- GTP -> GDP +Pi
- Pi + ADP -->(via nucleoside diphosphate kinase) ATP
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oxidative phosphorylation
E needed to make ATP from transfer of e (oxidation) in ETC via ATP Synthase (complex 5 in ETC)
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Which type of phosphorylation rxn makes more ATP?
oxidative phosphorylation
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oxidation & phosphorylation coupled to make lots of ATP
- glucose donates H atoms to carrier mol (NAD FAD), NAD, FAD oxidized (donate H atoms) in ETC.
- ETC enables phos. of ADP --> ATP
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oxidation
- NADH + FADH2 oxidized
- => NAD+ & FAD in ETC
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phosphorylation
- ADP + Pi converted via ATP Synthase
- => ATP
- 2 H2 + O2 --> 2 H2O + energy
- highly exergonic rxn
- must be dispersed over series of small controlled steps in ETC
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ETC - overview
10 NADH & 2FADH 2 accumulated
- Hydrogen Atom
- e- enter ETC
- proton pumped into intermembrane space
ETC produces >90% of all ATP
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ETC: Oxidation-Reduction Rxns
Location?
mitochondrial inner membrane
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ETC: Oxidation-Reduction Rxns
What happens to NADH & FADH2?
- becomes oxidized (NAD+ & FAD) when transferring e- to proteins of ETC
- transfer of e' reduces these proteins of ETC
- as proteins in chain r reduced/energized some can pump H ions into intermem.space
- oxygen is final e' acceptor. Gradual processOxygen +2H = H2O
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What are the proteins of the ETC?
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What do coenzymes do?
- accept H atoms (& become reduced) from NADH & FADH2
- made up of: complex I, II, coenzyme Q
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Coenzymes
Complex I
- receives 2H atoms from NADH
- Transfers 2e to Coenzyme Q & pumps 2H into intermembrane space
- (2H= 1 from NADH, 1 from matrix)
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Coenzymes
Complex II
- receives 2H atoms from FADH2
- transfers 2e to Co.Q & 2H released (not pumped)
- (FADH2 goes along w/ComplexII)
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Coenzymes
Coenzyme Q
- receives e- from Complex I & Complex II
- passes them to cytochromes
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