cell metab

sum of synthesis rxns

• cell growth
• maintenance
• repair
• synthesis of energy reserves (glycogen, proteins)

smaller mol --> larger mol reqs E

sum of all decompostion rxns

• anabolism- making new mol
• further catab in mitochondria
• 40% ATP synthesis
• 60% lost as heat

larger mol to smaller mol - produces E

Hydrolysis of terminal phosphate of ATP releases ~7.3 kcal/mol of E

ATP --> ADP + Pi + E

majority of ATP is from mitochondria

• membranous organelle producing ATP
• "powerplant of cell"

• one, none or several per cell
• liver & muscle cells have multiple

• outer membrane
• inner membrane
• matrix

separates mitochondria from cytoplasm

• folds (cristae) increase surface area
• increases ATP production
• location of ETC
• ETC = oxidative phos. & a lot ATP productn

• "liquid" inside inner membrane
• location of TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)

all chemical rxns occuring in organism

metab = anab + catab

glycolysis & TCA are center of cell metab

• glucose
• triglycerides
• proteins

• *preferred E source
• source: diet & glycogen stores (liver)

glycogen --> glucose

• - brain uses under non-starve condtns
• - only fuel that RBCs use

• 2nd fave E source
• TG --> F.A + glycerol
• source: diet & triglyceride stores (adipocytes)

• 3rd fave
• Protein --> aa
• source: diet & protein stores (muscle)
• only used under duress

• use of O₂ to convert organic mol into CO₂ & H₂O
• (by removing e^-) to create E

• C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -->
• 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

• glycolysis (can occur in anaerobic condtn)
• TCA Prep (need O₂)
• TCA cycle (need O2)
• ETC (need O2)

• non-protein, organic mol; usually vitamins
• carry H atoms, released during cell resp
• NADH & FADH₂ both take 2 H off whoever
• The 2H reduce NAD⁺ & FAD = NADH & FADH₂
• FAD can carry 2e & 2H = FADH₂
• NAD⁺ can carry 2e & 1H

B3 Niacin

• nicotinamide
• adenine
• dinucleotide

B2 Riboflavin

• Flavin
• Adenine
• Dinucleotide

• [location: cytoplasm]
• glu in via carrier proteins (passive!)
• phosphorylated --> glucose-6-phosphate
• ATP -> ADP = fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
• 6C convert to 2-3C
• (glyceraldehyde-3-phos & dihydroxyacetone phos)
• 2NAD -> 2NADH (1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid)
• 2ADP -> 2ATP (3-phosphoglyceric acid)
• release 2H₂O
• Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
• 2ADP - 2ATP --> pyruvic acid

• 1 glucose converted to 2 pyruvate
• PDTS = 2ATP & 2NADH

2NADH transported into mitochondria for ETC

2Pyruvate then enters mitochondria (passive, no ATP)

*O₂ needed to continue, bc O₂ needed to regenerate NAD⁺

• pyruvate in mitochondrial matrix
• O₂ needed!
• C & O₂ removed (=CO₂)
• H removed & added to NAD⁺ (=2NADH)
• Results: 2 acetyl grps combine w/CoA
• =>2 Acetyl CoA
• PDTS: 2CO₂ & 2NADH

• [occurs in mitochondrial matrix]
• -each (2) acetyl CoA enters cycle
• -2 cycles/glucose mol

• -acetyl grp + oxaloacetic acid (4C)
• => citric acid (6C)

• -Citric Acid oxidized (H to NAD⁺ or FAD)
• carbons removed (CO₂ generated)

• Regenerate oxaloacetic acid (4C)
• **cycle goes around 2x!

• 4 CO₂
• 6 NADH
• 2 FADH₂
• 2 ATP from GTP

• ADP + Pi --> ATP
• phosphorylation

• substrate level phosphorylation
• oxidative phosphorylation

• reactive intermediate
• (GTP & 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid & phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis)
• E needed to make ATP comes from breaking GTP
• GTP -> GDP +Pi
• Pi + ADP -->(via nucleoside diphosphate kinase) ATP

E needed to make ATP from transfer of e (oxidation) in ETC via ATP Synthase (complex 5 in ETC)

oxidative phosphorylation

• glucose donates H atoms to carrier mol (NAD FAD), NAD, FAD oxidized (donate H atoms) in ETC.
• ETC enables phos. of ADP --> ATP

• NADH + FADH2 oxidized
• => NAD+ & FAD in ETC

• ADP + Pi converted via ATP Synthase
• => ATP

• 2 H₂ + O₂ --> 2 H₂O + energy
• highly exergonic rxn
• must be dispersed over series of small controlled steps in ETC

10 NADH & 2FADH₂ accumulated

• Hydrogen Atom
• e- enter ETC
• proton pumped into intermembrane space

ETC produces >90% of all ATP

mitochondrial inner membrane

• becomes oxidized (NAD⁺ & FAD) when transferring e- to proteins of ETC
• transfer of e' reduces these proteins of ETC
• as proteins in chain r reduced/energized some can pump H ions into intermem.space
• oxygen is final e' acceptor. Gradual process
• Oxygen +2H = H₂O

• Coenzymes
• Cytochromes

• accept H atoms (& become reduced) from NADH & FADH₂
• made up of: complex I, II, coenzyme Q

• receives 2H atoms from NADH
• Transfers 2e to Coenzyme Q & pumps 2H into intermembrane space
• (2H= 1 from NADH, 1 from matrix)

• receives 2H atoms from FADH₂
• transfers 2e to Co.Q & 2H released (not pumped)
• (FADH₂ goes along w/ComplexII)

• receives e- from Complex I & Complex II
• passes them to cytochromes