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Solids
Particles are tightly packed, matter has a fixed shaped and volume
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Liquid properties
Particles are loosely packed and can move around. Has a variable shape, but fixed volume
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Gas Properties
Particles are spaced widely apart and uniformly distributed in a container. Shape and volume are both variable, but the susbstance can be condensed
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What is Sublimation
When Solid changes directly to a Gas
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What is Deposition
When gas changes directly to a solid
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Properties of Heterogenous Matter
Properties are indefinite and may vary
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Properties of Homogeneous Matter
Propertis are definite and constant
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Describe a Heterogeneous Mixture
Sample is NOT uniform throughout, and it can be separated through physical methods
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Describe a Homogenous Mixture
Is Constant throughout a given sample, and cannot be separated by physial means
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What is an Alloy
A Homogenous mixture of two or more metals
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Define a Substance
Matter that has definite composition and Constant properites, either a compound or an element
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What is a compound?
A substance that has predictable properties and can be broken dwon into elements through chemical reactions
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What is an Element?
A Substance that cannot be broken down further by chemical reactions
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What are the 3 most abundant substances on Earth?
Oxygen, Silicon and Aluminum
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Describe an Element
Cannot be broken down further and still maintain its unique properties
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What are characteristics of Metals?
Solid, High Density, High Melting Point, Malleable, Ductile
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What are characteristics of nonmetals
Low Density, Low melting point, some are solid and some are gas
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What is a semimetal?
Elements that have properties midway between those of metals and nonmetals
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What is the Law of Definite Composition?
Compounds always contain the same elements in constant proportion by mass
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What is a molecule?
A single particle composed of two or more nonmetal atoms
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What is a physical property of a substance?
- A characteristic of a pur substance that we can observe without changing the composition.
- ex. appearance, density, boiling point, conductivity, physical state
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What is a chemcial property of a substance?
Describes the substance's chemical reactions with other substances
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What is a physical change of a substance considered?
When the chemical composition does not change
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What is a chemical change of a substance considered?
Includes a chemical reaction, and creates a new substance
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Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter is neither created nor destroyed through a chemical reaction
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What is the atomic theory?
- An element is composed of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles called atoms
- All atoms of an element are identical and have the same particles
- atoms of different elements combine to form compounds
- Atoms can combine in more than one ratio to form different compounds
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What does the atomic number show?
the number of protons in an atom
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What does the mass number show?
the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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What are Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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What is Atomic Mass?
the weighted average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes
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What is a photon?
an individual unit of light energy
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What is an energy level?
the fixed orbit in which an electron travels
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What are the energy sublevels?
- s- 2 electrons
- p- 6 electrons
- d- 10 electrons
- f- 14 electrons
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What is the uncertainty principle?
The idea that it is impossible to precisely measure both the location and momentum of an electron
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What does the Quantum mechanical atom show?
Electrons in their orbitals
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Name the electron orbitals from weakest to strongest in ring 1-4
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 4d, 4f
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