The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
osteology
List the four fundamental planes of the body:
the coronal plane
the sagittal plane
the horizontal plane
the oblique plane
Any plane passing vertically through the body from front to back and dividing the body into right and left segments:
sagittal plane
Three names for any plane passing vertically through the body from side to side and dividing the body into anterior and posterior segments:
coronal plane
axillary plane
frontal plane
Two names for the plane that passes vertically through the midline of the body from side to side and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior segments:
mid-coronal plane
mid-axillary plane
The plane passing through the midline of the body and dividing it into equal right and left halves:
mid-sagittal plane
Four names for a plane that passes crosswise through the body and divides the body into superior and inferior segments:
horizontal plane
transverse plane
axial plane
cross-sectional plane
Any longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and not parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal planes:
oblique plane
A plane that transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process used in positioning the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx:
Interiliac plane
A plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed, used in positioning of the odontoid process and some head projections:
occlusal plane
What are the two major body cavities of the torso?
thoracic cavity (everything above the diaphragm)
abdominal cavity (everything below the diaphragm)
In what body cavity is the liver?
Abdominal
In what body cavity are the lungs, specifically?
Pleural Cavity (in the Thoracic Cavity)
In what body cavity is the heart, specifically?
Pericardial Cavity (in the Thoracic Cavity)
In what body cavity is the uterus?
Pelvic
In what body cavity is the spleen?
Abdominal
In what body cavity is the rectum?
Pelvic
In what body cavity are the ureters?
Abdominal
In what body cavity is the trachea?
Thoracic
In what body cavity are the ovaries?
Pelvic
In what body cavity is the esophagus?
Thoracic
What are the four quadrants of the body?
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Starting at the top,what are the nine regions of the body, from left to right?
Right Hypochondrium, Epigastrium, Left Hypochondrium
Right Lateral, Umbilical, Left Lateral
Right Inguinal, Hypogastrium, Left Inguinal
What surface landmark is used to find C1?
Mastoid Tip
What surface landmark is used to find C2, C3?
Gonion (angle of mandible)
What surface landmark is used to find C3, C4?
Hyoid Bone
(though we can't technically use this landmark, as it can't be palpated)
What surface landmark is used to find C5?
Thyroid Cartilage
What surface landmark is used to find C7, T1?
Vertebra Prominens
What surface landmark is used to find T1?
Approximately 2" above level of Jugular Notch
What surface landmark is used to find T2, T3?
Level of Jugular Notch
What surface landmark is used to find T4, T5?
Level of Sternal Angle
What surface landmark is used to find T7?
Level of inferior angles of scapulae
**In lab, 7" inferior to vertebral prominens
What surface landmark is used to find T9, T10?
Level of Xiphoid Process
What surface landmark is used to find L2, L3?
Inferior Costal Margin
What surface landmark is used to find L4, L5?
Level of superior-most aspect of Iliac Crests
What surface landmark is used to find S1, S2?
Level of Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
What surface landmark is used to find the coccyx?
Level of Pubic Symphysis and Greater Trochanters
List characteristics of a Sthenic body habitus and its percentage of the average population:
50% of the population
heart: moderately transverse
lungs: moderate length
diaphragm: moderately high
stomach: high, upper left
colon: spread evenly; slight dip in transverse section
gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen
build: moderately heavy
abdomen: moderately long
thorax: moderately short, broad, and deep
pelvis: relatively small
List characteristics of an Asthenic body habitus and its percentage of the average population:
10% of the population
heart: nearly vertical and at midline
lungs: long, apices above clavicles, may be broader above base
diaphragm: low
stomach: low and medial, in the pelvis when standing
colon: low, folds on itself
gallbladder: low and nearer the midline
build: frail
abdomen: short
thorax: long, shallow
pelvis: wide
List characteristics of a Hyposthenic body habitus and its percentage of the average population:
35% of the population
organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types; this habitus is the most difficult to classify
List characteristics of a Hypersthenic body habitus and its percentage of the average population:
5% of the population
heart: axis nearly transverse
lungs: short, apices at or near clavicles
diaphragm: high
stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle
colon: around periphery of abdomen
gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel
build: massive
abdomen: long
thorax: short, broad, deep
pelvis: narrow
How many primary bones comprise the typical adult skeleton?
206
What are the four main parts of the appendicular skeleton and how many bones is it comprised of?
126 bones
shoulder girdle
pelvic girdle
upper limbs (extremities)
lower limbs (extremities)
What are the four main parts of the axial skeleton and how many bones is it comprised of?
80 bones
skull
sternum
ribs
vertebral column
The strong, dense, outer layer of bone tissue:
compact bone
The inner, trabeculated portion of the bone:
spongy bone
The central cylindrical canal of long bones:
medullary cavity
The tough, fibrous membrane that covers the bone (except where bone is covered by articular cartilage):
Periosteum
The long shaft of the bone is called the:
diaphysis
Each end of the long bone develops a separate bone that will eventually completely fuse to the shaft around the age of 21. This separate bone is the ___________ and is separated by the ____________.
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate/Epiphyseal line
The process by which bones form in the body:
ossification (they begin developing during the 2nd month of pregnancy)
Some characteristics of primary ossification:
begins before birth
forms the short and irregular bones, shaft of long bones
bones develop in utero from hylan cartilage
Some characteristics of secondary ossification:
after birth
epiphysis begins growing
What are the five classifications of bones?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Name some typical long bones:
femur
humerus
phalanges of fingers and toes
Name some typical short bones:
carpal bones of wrists
tarsal bones of ankles
Name some typical flat bones:
the bones of the cranium
sternum
scapula
Name some typical irregular bones:
the vertebrae
the bones of the pelvis
the bones of the face
Name some typical sesamoid bones:
patella (kneecap)
under the first metatarsophalangeal articulation of the foot
on the palmar aspect of the thumb and the metacarpophalangeal joint of the hand
beneath the base of the large toe
The study of joints or articulations between bones:
Arthrology
What are the two main classifications of joint?
functional
structural
What are the three structural classifications of articulations?
fibrous (immovable)
cartilaginous (limited or slight movement)
synovial (freely movable)
What are the three functional classifications of articulations?
diarthroses (freely movable)
amphiarthroses (limited or slight movement)
synarthroses (immovable)
How is functional classification of a joint determined?
according to the movement type of the joint
How is structural classification of a joint determined?
according to the type of material connecting the bones
Examples of joints that are synarthrosis/fibrous:
sutures: joints between bones of the skull
syndesmosis: inferior tibiofibular joint
gomphosis: the joint occurring only in the roots of the teeth
Examples of joints that are amphiarthroses/cartilaginous:
symphysis: pubic symphysis, between vertebral bodies
synchondrosis: epiphyseal plate
Examples and movements of gliding (plane) synovial joints:
intercarpal joints of wrist
intertarsal joints of foot
glide slightly in only one axis
Examples and movements of hinge (ginglymus) synovial joints:
elbow
knee
ankle
interphalangeal
flexion and extension
Examples and movements of pivot (trochoid) synovial joints:
the articulation of the atlas and axis of the cervical spine
rotation
Examples and movements of ellipsoid (condyloid) synovial joints:
radio-carpal joint of the wrist
metacarpophalangeal
flexion & extension
abduction & adduction
circumduction
Examples and movements of saddle (sellar) synovial joints:
carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is the only one
flexion & extension
abduction & adduction
circumduction
Examples and movements of ball and socket (spheroid) synovial joints:
hip joint
shoulder joint
flexion & extension
abduction & adduction
circumduction
rotation
Sharp process:
spine
Bony projection:
protuberance
Beak-like process:
coracoid
Ridge-like process:
crest
Club-shaped process:
malleolus
Hook-shaped process:
hamulus
Long, pointed process:
styloid
Projection above a condyle:
epicondyle
Hornlike process on a bone:
Horn
Expanded end of a long bone:
head
Small, rounded, elevated process:
tubercle
Large, rounded, elevated process:
Tuberosity
Rounded process at an articular extremity:
condyle
Small, smooth-surfaced process for articuation:
facet
Large, rounded, elevated process located at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur:
trochanter
Cleft or groove:
Fissure
Pit, fovea, or hollow:
Fossa
Shallow, linear depression:
Groove
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space:
Sinus
Furrow, trench, or fissure-like depression:
Sulcus
Hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves:
Foramen
Less prominent ridge than a crest:
line
Indentation into the border of a bone:
notch
Tube-like passageway:
meatus
Refers to the sole of the foot:
Plantar
Refers to the palm of the hand:
Palmar
Refers to the covering of an organ:
Visceral
Refers to parts far from the surface:
Deep
Refers to a part near the skin or surface:
Superficial
Refers to nearer the feet or situated below:
Inferior
Refers to nearer the head or situated above:
Superior
Refers to parts toward the head of the body:
Cephalad
Refers to a part on the same side of the body:
Ipsilateral
Refers to the back part of the body or an organ:
Dorsal
Refers to parts away from the head of the body:
Caudad
Refers to the middle area or main part of an organ:
Central
Refers to a part within or on the inside of an organ:
Internal
Refers to a part or parts on the opposite side of the body:
Contralateral
Refers to a part outside of an organ or on the outside of the body:
External
Refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of a body part:
Peripheral
Refers to the forward or front part of the body or to the forward part of organ:
Anterior
Refers to parts toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part:
Medial
Refers to parts nearest the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning:
Proximal
Refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning:
Distal
Refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot, or to the back or posterior surface of the hand:
Dorsum
Refers to parts away from the median plane of the body or away from the middle of a part to the right or the left:
Lateral
The path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the IR:
Projection
General body position and specific placement of the body part in relation to the IR during imaging:
Position
The body part as seen by the IR - used in reference to the finished image:
View
The specific radiologic projection developed by an individual:
Method
AP is a:
A. Projection
Supine is a:
B. Body Position
Upright is a:
B. Body Position
AP axial is a:
B. Projection
Lordotic is a:
B. Radiologic Position
Recumbent is a:
A. Body Position
Tangential is a:
C. Projection
AP oblique:
A. Projection
Dorsoplantar:
A. Projection
Left lateral:
B. Radiologic Position
Transthoracic:
B. Projection
Trendelenburg:
A. Body Position
Parietoacanthial:
C. Projection
Right Anterior Oblique:
A. Radiologic Position
Right Lateral Decubitus:
A. Radiologic Position
Where the Central Ray is angled longitudinally with the long axis of the body:
Axial
Where the Central Ray enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface:
AP
Where the Central Ray enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface:
PA
Where the Central Ray enters the side or lateral aspect of the body or body part and exits the other side:
Lateral
Where the Central Ray enters the body or body part from a side angle into the anterior or posterior surface of the body:
Oblique
Where the Central Ray is directed toward the outer margin or a curved body to profile a body part and project it free of superimposition:
Tangential
A fracture that does not break through the skin:
closed fracture
A serious fracture in which bones are not in anatomic alignment:
displaced fracture
A fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment:
nondisplaced fracture
A serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin:
open fracture
A projection in which the CR or the body part is angled 10 degrees or more along the long axis of the body:
Axial projection
A projection where the CR touches or skims the surface of the body or body part at only one point:
Tangential projection (used to separate superimposed structures)
Describe an AP projection:
Anteroposterior Projection
The CR enters the anterior surface of the body and exits the posterior surface of the body.
Describe a PA projection:
Posteroanterior Projection
The CR enters the posterior surface of the body and exits the anterior surface of the body.
Describe a Lateral projection:
The perpendicular CR enters the body or part along the coronal plane and correlates to the side of the body closest to the film
Describe a Lateromedial projection:
Usually in extremeties, when the CR enters the lateral side and exits the medial side on its way to the IR
Describe a Mediolateral projection:
Usually in extremeties, when the CR enters the medial side and exits the lateral side on its way to the IR
What is the unique lateral projection used for shoulder radiography?
transthoracic
What projection is used when the angled CR enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface?
PA axial projection
What projection is used when the CR is angled and enters and exits through the lateral aspects of the body?
Axiolateral projection
List some general body positions:
Upright
Seated
Recumbent (horizontal)
Supine (horizontal on spine)
Prone (horizontal on stomach)
Trendelenburg (feet higher than head)
Fowler's (head higher than feet)
Sim's (oblique, ex. insertion of enema tip)
Lithotomy (recumbent, hips flexed)
For an RPO position, what projection is employed?
AP Oblique projection
For an LPO position, what projection is employed?
AP Oblique projection
For an RAO position, what projection is employed?
PA Oblique projection
For an LAO position, what projection is employed?
PA Oblique projection
What is the Lordotic body position and what is its primary function?
It is when the feet come out from the board, poking the belly out while the shoulders remain against the board. It is primarily used to throw the clavicles out of the lung field; common with TB patients
What projection is employed when the patient is in the Lordotic position?
An AP axial projection
To turn around an axis:
Rotation
can be medial or lateral
Straightening of a joint:
Extension
Circular movement of a limb/joint:
Circumduction
Forced or excessive straightening of a joint:
Hyperextension
Forced or excessive flexion of a joint or part:
Hyperflexion
Movement where the dorsal surface of the foot moves toward the leg:
Dorsiflexion
A turning away from the regular standard or course:
deviation
To turn the forearm so that the palm is up:
Supinate
(lateral motion away from body)
(radius and ulna are parallel, no cross-over)
To turn the forearm so that the palm is down:
Pronate
(to rotate medially)
(radius crosses over the ulna)
Movement of a part toward the central axis of a body or body part:
Adduction
Movement of the the foot when it is turned inward at the ankle joint (Inward stress movement):
Inversion
Movement of the foot when it is turned outward at the ankle joint (Outward stress movement):
Eversion
Movement of a part away from the central axis of a body or body part:
Abduction
Bending movement of a joint whereby the angle between contiguous bones is diminished:
Flexion
Movement of a part so that the sagittal (longitudinal) plane is angled so that it is not parallel with the long axis of the body (tipping/slanting):
Tilt
Movement in which you point the toes, away from the leg:
Plantarflex
Exception to the Deviation movement:
Ulnar deviation is actually a flexion (bringing hand closer to the ulna)
The body movement where you bring the structure up:
Elevation
The body movement where you relax the structure down:
Depression
A body movement specific to the mandible in which the jaw is pushed forward:
Protract
A body movement specific to the mandible in which the jaw is brought back:
Retract
Author
nenyabrooke
ID
104560
Card Set
Unit 2 (Positioning & Terminology)
Description
Unit 1 (Chapter 3) General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology
