-
Monosaccarides have a ___ carbon ring
6
-
Glucose aka
Found in:
- Dextrose
- Fruit, veg, honey
-
Fructose aka
Found in:
- Levulose
- Fruit, honey, corn syrup
-
Sucrose =
aka
- Glucose + Fructose
- Table sugar
-
AA broken down by:
Lipids broken down by:
Glucose broken down by:
- Deamination
- Beta oxidation
- Glycolysis
-
Condensation vs Hydrolysis
- Synthesis, releases water; enzyme catalyzed
- Digestion, requires water
-
Polysaccarides > ____ monosaccs
10
-
Polysacc sources
starch, glycogen, fiber
-
Oligosaccs: __ to __ monosaccs
3-10
-
2 types of starch
- Amylose (straight chain)
- Amylopectine (branched chain)
-
Dietary vs functional fiber
- Nondigestive carbs; intrinsic to plants
- Nondigestive carbs; added to foods
-
Fiber has __ glucose chains which has linkages b/w monosaccs that can't be digested
long
-
Insoluble fibers (3)
Cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins
-
Soluble fibers (4)
Pectins, gums, mucilages, Beta-glucans
-
Which type of fiber is extracted & used as food additive
Soluble
-
Refined grains only contain ___ of the grain kernal
endosperm
-
Only abt __% of proteins are used for energy, they are mainly used for other processes, such as:
- 10
- making hormones, enzymes, antibodies, transport
-
Process of using body protein to make glucose when inadequate glucose avail
Gluconeogenesis
-
Ketosis
Condition when insufficient glucose avail to brk down fat, so ketone bodies are formed, increased water loss, and chgs in acid/base balance (ketoacidosis)
-
Binds to cholesterol in int
Fiber (viscous fibers)
-
Amt of kcal per g of fiber
~1.5 kcal/g
-
Rise in blood glucose signals ____ which stimulates ___ which causes ____
release of insulin from pancreas which stimulates cells to take up glucose, causing blood glucose levels to fall
-
Role of glucagon
Is released from pancreas when blood glucose is low, stimulating liver to brkdn glycogen to glucose, and bs to rise
-
Undigested lactose causes __ (2)
osmotic diarrhea & gas production by bacteria
-
AMDR =
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
-
Expressed as % of total en intake; range of intakes that prevents chronic disease while providing adequate essential nutrients
AMDR
-
-
-
AMDR of added sugars < or = ____ %
25%
-
Discretionary calories
what leeway u have after eating foods that meet your daily needs
-
Suggestion of added sugar daily in tsp & kcal
8, 120 kcal
-
Fructose raises ___, may boost ___, inc risk of ___
- TG
- visceral fat deposition
- gout
-
-
How much fiber need to protect against heart disease
14 g/1000 kcal
-
-
Bacteria which causes tooth decay
S. mutans
-
-
Type I Diabetes: insulin:
~__%
Cause
- no insulin produced
- 10%
- Genetics, immune prob
-
Type II Diabetes: insulin
~__%
Cause
- resistance to insulin
- 90%
- Meds, inactivity, race, hypertension, preg, high bp or chol, stress, obesity, increasing age, family history
-
How does exercise improve diabetes
Muscle contractions cause uptake of glucose which is independent of insulin
-
Bile is synthesized from ___ so when ___ binds to bile, it is lowered
cholesterol; fiber
-
Artificial sweetener which is derivative of petroleum
Saccharin (Sweet and Low)
-
Chem composition of aspartame (Equal or Nutrasweet)
Aspartic acid + phenylalanine + methyl group
-
Condition where phenylalanine builds up in blood & causes brain probs b/c phenylalanine can't be broken down to tyrosine
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
-
Brand name acesulfame-K
Sunett
-
Sweetener which can be used in cooking & made from sugar
Sucralose (Splenda)
-
Calories of sugar alcohols
2-4 kcal/g
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