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Monosaccarides have a ___ carbon ring
6
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Glucose aka
Found in:
- Dextrose
- Fruit, veg, honey
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Fructose aka
Found in:
- Levulose
- Fruit, honey, corn syrup
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Sucrose =
aka
- Glucose + Fructose
- Table sugar
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AA broken down by:
Lipids broken down by:
Glucose broken down by:
- Deamination
- Beta oxidation
- Glycolysis
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Condensation vs Hydrolysis
- Synthesis, releases water; enzyme catalyzed
- Digestion, requires water
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Polysaccarides > ____ monosaccs
10
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Polysacc sources
starch, glycogen, fiber
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Oligosaccs: __ to __ monosaccs
3-10
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2 types of starch
- Amylose (straight chain)
- Amylopectine (branched chain)
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Dietary vs functional fiber
- Nondigestive carbs; intrinsic to plants
- Nondigestive carbs; added to foods
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Fiber has __ glucose chains which has linkages b/w monosaccs that can't be digested
long
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Insoluble fibers (3)
Cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins
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Soluble fibers (4)
Pectins, gums, mucilages, Beta-glucans
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Which type of fiber is extracted & used as food additive
Soluble
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Refined grains only contain ___ of the grain kernal
endosperm
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Only abt __% of proteins are used for energy, they are mainly used for other processes, such as:
- 10
- making hormones, enzymes, antibodies, transport
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Process of using body protein to make glucose when inadequate glucose avail
Gluconeogenesis
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Ketosis
Condition when insufficient glucose avail to brk down fat, so ketone bodies are formed, increased water loss, and chgs in acid/base balance (ketoacidosis)
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Binds to cholesterol in int
Fiber (viscous fibers)
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Amt of kcal per g of fiber
~1.5 kcal/g
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Rise in blood glucose signals ____ which stimulates ___ which causes ____
release of insulin from pancreas which stimulates cells to take up glucose, causing blood glucose levels to fall
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Role of glucagon
Is released from pancreas when blood glucose is low, stimulating liver to brkdn glycogen to glucose, and bs to rise
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Undigested lactose causes __ (2)
osmotic diarrhea & gas production by bacteria
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AMDR =
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
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Expressed as % of total en intake; range of intakes that prevents chronic disease while providing adequate essential nutrients
AMDR
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AMDR of added sugars < or = ____ %
25%
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Discretionary calories
what leeway u have after eating foods that meet your daily needs
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Suggestion of added sugar daily in tsp & kcal
8, 120 kcal
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Fructose raises ___, may boost ___, inc risk of ___
- TG
- visceral fat deposition
- gout
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How much fiber need to protect against heart disease
14 g/1000 kcal
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Bacteria which causes tooth decay
S. mutans
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Type I Diabetes: insulin:
~__%
Cause
- no insulin produced
- 10%
- Genetics, immune prob
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Type II Diabetes: insulin
~__%
Cause
- resistance to insulin
- 90%
- Meds, inactivity, race, hypertension, preg, high bp or chol, stress, obesity, increasing age, family history
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How does exercise improve diabetes
Muscle contractions cause uptake of glucose which is independent of insulin
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Bile is synthesized from ___ so when ___ binds to bile, it is lowered
cholesterol; fiber
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Artificial sweetener which is derivative of petroleum
Saccharin (Sweet and Low)
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Chem composition of aspartame (Equal or Nutrasweet)
Aspartic acid + phenylalanine + methyl group
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Condition where phenylalanine builds up in blood & causes brain probs b/c phenylalanine can't be broken down to tyrosine
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Brand name acesulfame-K
Sunett
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Sweetener which can be used in cooking & made from sugar
Sucralose (Splenda)
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Calories of sugar alcohols
2-4 kcal/g
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