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General Characteristics of pre colonial societies
tradidional ways of living
- - connection to the land
- - own social/political systems,
- - own geographical systems,
- - small subsistence communities
- - large states (diverse)
- - lack leadership hierarchy
- (ex. hill tribes in South East Asia)
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Colonialism
give definition, state 2 ypes
Definition: subjugation by physical and psychological force of one culture by another thru military conquest of territory and the stereotyping of the cultures – colonizer being superior to the colonized (placing one culture superior than another)
Colonies of settlement - take the land from the people (ex: South America, South Africa)
Colonies of rule - impose new inequalities to use their resources (India)
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Impacts of colonialism (6)
-Displacement, marginalization, psychological impact (putting a minority into the power of another country
-Indirect rule (European countries appointed certain class/caste of ppl to rule over the rest)
-Extraction - labor, resources, cultural treasures - (to enrich the colonial powers, promote industrialization - forced ppl into cash cropping
-Ideologies of justification ("white mans burden") - notions of racism and backwardsness - colonizers believed that native ppl were backwards - responsibility of the white man to lead colonized ppl - development emerged as the way to improve human kind
-New disciples - shcool, segregation of native ppl - adapting ppl to colonialism and European ideas
-resistances - national movements, political movements`
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Colonial division of labor - Extraction of labor and raw materials
support european industrialization, manufactured goods shipped back in
- (European colonizing countries produced raw materials that were not available in Europe (ex. sugar, coffee, silk, rubber, slaves) – used to support industrialization in Europe – shipped back cheap manufactured products - unequal ecological exchange (colonies now supply zone of labor and
- raw material)
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Colonial Division of labor - Transformation of local agriculture systems (3 main points)
- Traditional changed to European farming systems - cash crops, monoculture, plantation
- Europeans considered native ways of agriculture wasting land and not modern – did not see
- them as owning the land thus appropriating the use of the land for cash crops
- New conception of property and land ownership - different rights to btw the farmer (private) and tribes
- Social and ecological imacts - (land was replaced with specialized monoculture – ex. peanuts, coffee)
– forced to do cash crops thru taxation – need to pay taxes with money therefore needed to participate in cash crops – ppl only grew for the market and no longer ate what they grew – BUT some also grew their own food (subsistence and lower wages since they have their own food) – women lost many rights since it was mostly men who went to cash farming
Transformation/undermining of local industries – handicraft industries were
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Colonial division of labor - Transformation/undermining of local industries
handicraft industries were undermined (the British put tariffs on textiles made in India BUT no tariffs on imported cotton from India – thus supporting the British industry of textiles and shipping back cheaper textiles to India thus undermining the Indian textile industry – undermined local structures and economies – Diaspora of ppl from colonized countries
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Impacts on Development (5)
- -Diasporas (different ethnic groups spread around the world
- -Global interdependence
- -Inequality as "realtional" rather than "sequential"?
- -Development as "destiny"
- -Development to improve local living conditions as a way to keep control of colonies
- - shift in view of development - not of catching up to the western states?
- - development in europe WAS NOT a national process - about access to resources from other places
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Decolonization
- Independence and antionalist movements
- Thinkers and intellectuals
- Anti-Colonial resistances
- Maintain colonized countries by providing them with education, gave them a western perspective
ex: haiti - use the arguments of French revolution to prevent colonialism
Thinkers and intellectuals - Thinkers (some trained in Europe) who write about colonialism and freedom
- Anti-colonial resistances
- - Militarized
- - Labor unrest (strikes – ppl refusing to
- work – strike against poor working conditions)
- - Idealist – Ghandi – promoting Hindu ideals
- (village self-reliance) – Nehru – suppor independence but also modernity (realist)
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Decolonization and Development
- Who emerged as the dominant power, what plan did they institute, effects of this?
- political / economic institutions?
- general atmosphere and dominant power at the time
- fate of colonies, development - what was the problem with the way development developed haha
- Post WWII - US is dominant power
- -Marshall Plan - Reconstructed post-war Europe, establishment of “Breton Woods” Institutions – help create economic prosperity & weaken potentially aggressive states – the rise of Nazi Germany was a
- response of economic disparity – thus the thought that economic prosperity (development) is needed to maintain peace
-Also to stimulate markets for America, Truman’s speech
Political institutions - UN (1945) ( FAO, ect)
Economic Institutions -
( International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) – provide loans to Europe to reconstruct itself after the war – but expanded to providing loan to post-colonial countries to become industrialized
IMF – provide loans to restore confidence in countries if their currency falls
- GATT (general agreement on tariffs and trade) – promote freer trade btw countries
- - Now WTO (World Trade Agreement)
- Era of Optimism, US is the global power- leading the flow of materials
- World separated into 3 worlds, dismantling of the colonies.
Development became something that was a national responsibility. Promotes improved well-being into new nations by injecting money to help them catch up to the West
Problem – assumes a linear approach to development (following the footsteps of the West)
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Nation-States/Development States
What is the locus of development?
How can development be achieved
- Locus of dev = nation state
- Linked to Western culture – became associated with
- modernization and industrialization – route of European industrialization seen as the way to modernity
- Development as something that could be achieved thru industrialization
- within nation-state
Overlooks process of colonialization
- Agriculture replaced by industry – development of each sector
- interdependent
National industrialization = modernization and is linear
Import-substitution industrialization (ISI)
Tried to reduce reliance on imports of raw material from other countries
Government responsible for well-being of its citizens
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