INTD Lecture 2 (sept 8)

tradidional ways of living

• - connection to the land
• - own social/political systems,
• - own geographical systems,
• - small subsistence communities
• - large states (diverse)
• - lack leadership hierarchy
• (ex. hill tribes in South East Asia)

Definition: subjugation by physical and psychological force of one culture by another thru military conquest of territory and the stereotyping of the cultures – colonizer being superior to the colonized (placing one culture superior than another)

Colonies of settlement - take the land from the people (ex: South America, South Africa)

Colonies of rule - impose new inequalities to use their resources (India)

-Displacement, marginalization, psychological impact (putting a minority into the power of another country

-Indirect rule (European countries appointed certain class/caste of ppl to rule over the rest)

-Extraction - labor, resources, cultural treasures - (to enrich the colonial powers, promote industrialization - forced ppl into cash cropping

-Ideologies of justification ("white mans burden") - notions of racism and backwardsness - colonizers believed that native ppl were backwards - responsibility of the white man to lead colonized ppl - development emerged as the way to improve human kind

-New disciples - shcool, segregation of native ppl - adapting ppl to colonialism and European ideas

-resistances - national movements, political movements`

support european industrialization, manufactured goods shipped back in

• (European colonizing countries produced raw materials that were not available in Europe (ex. sugar, coffee, silk, rubber, slaves) – used to support industrialization in Europe – shipped back cheap manufactured products - unequal ecological exchange (colonies now supply zone of labor and
• raw material)

- Traditional changed to European farming systems - cash crops, monoculture, plantation

• Europeans considered native ways of agriculture wasting land and not modern – did not see
• them as owning the land thus appropriating the use of the land for cash crops

-New conception of property and land ownership - different rights to btw the farmer (private) and tribes

-Social and ecological imacts - (land was replaced with specialized monoculture – ex. peanuts, coffee)

– forced to do cash crops thru taxation – need to pay taxes with money therefore needed to participate in cash crops – ppl only grew for the market and no longer ate what they grew – BUT some also grew their own food (subsistence and lower wages since they have their own food) – women lost many rights since it was mostly men who went to cash farming

Transformation/undermining of local industries – handicraft industries were

handicraft industries were undermined (the British put tariffs on textiles made in India BUT no tariffs on imported cotton from India – thus supporting the British industry of textiles and shipping back cheaper textiles to India thus undermining the Indian textile industry – undermined local structures and economies – Diaspora of ppl from colonized countries

• -Diasporas (different ethnic groups spread around the world
• -Global interdependence
• -Inequality as "realtional" rather than "sequential"?
• -Development as "destiny"
• -Development to improve local living conditions as a way to keep control of colonies
• - shift in view of development - not of catching up to the western states?
• - development in europe WAS NOT a national process - about access to resources from other places

- Maintain colonized countries by providing them with education, gave them a western perspective

ex: haiti - use the arguments of French revolution to prevent colonialism

Thinkers and intellectuals - Thinkers (some trained in Europe) who write about colonialism and freedom

• Anti-colonial resistances
• - Militarized

• - Labor unrest (strikes – ppl refusing to
• work – strike against poor working conditions)

• - Idealist – Ghandi – promoting Hindu ideals
• (village self-reliance) – Nehru – suppor independence but also modernity (realist)

- Post WWII -US is dominant power

• -Marshall Plan - Reconstructed post-war Europe, establishment of “Breton Woods” Institutions – help create economic prosperity & weaken potentially aggressive states – the rise of Nazi Germany was a
• response of economic disparity – thus the thought that economic prosperity (development) is needed to maintain peace

-Also to stimulate markets for America, Truman’s speech

Political institutions - UN (1945) (FAO, ect)

Economic Institutions -

(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) – provide loans to Europe to reconstruct itself after the war – but expanded to providing loan to post-colonial countries to become industrialized

IMF – provide loans to restore confidence in countries if their currency falls

• GATT (general agreement on tariffs and trade) – promote freer trade btw countries
• - Now WTO (World Trade Agreement)

- Era of Optimism, US is the global power- leading the flow of materials

- World separated into 3 worlds, dismantling of the colonies.

Development became something that was a national responsibility. Promotes improved well-being into new nations by injecting money to help them catch up to the West

Problem – assumes a linear approach to development (following the footsteps of the West)

• Locus of dev = nation state
• Linked to Western culture – became associated with
• modernization and industrialization – route of European industrialization seen as the way to modernity

• Development as something that could be achieved thru industrialization
• within nation-state

Overlooks process of colonialization

• Agriculture replaced by industry – development of each sector
• interdependent

National industrialization = modernization and is linear

Import-substitution industrialization (ISI)

Tried to reduce reliance on imports of raw material from other countries

Government responsible for well-being of its citizens