Anatomy and Physiology 1

The study of the structure and relationship of body parts with emphasis on naming those parts.

Study of structures that are visible to the unaided eye

Study of all the anatomical structures in a particular region of the body

Study of all the anatomical structures in a particular region of the body.

Study of the superficial internal anatomical structure based on their appearance from overlying skin.

Study of structures with the aid of a microscope.

The study of cells

The study of tissues.

Study of changes in anatomical structures over the lifespan.

Study of the function of body parts with emphasis at the cellular and molecular level.

fundamental (smallest units of all elements.

What are common elements of the human body.

atoms bonded together into stable units.

smaller molecules

Larger molecules.

What are four organic polymers.

Molecules that compose the body parts of cells "little organs".

The smallest basic unit or building block of all living things. Structural and functioning unit.

Similar cells (both in structure and physiology) that function together.

Strucutre of two or more tissues that perform a specific funtion for the body.

Organs that act together to perform particular body functions.

All organ systems.

nutrition, (food getting) all living things must have a constant supply of food which is used for energy or as a source of raw material for growth and repair.

breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

molecules transported through cell membranes by either passive or active transport.

ability to manufacture specific large molecules from smaller molecules and atoms.

ability to take small food molecules such as glucose molecule and chemically break these down releasing chemical energy.

removing waste materials by diffusion through the cell membrane.

includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another.

process by which organisms produce substances such as vitamins, hormones and saliva which are necessary for the organism to carry on its activities.

process by which organisms produce more organisms of the same type.

ability of living things to be aware and react to certain stimuli.

process in which material that cannot be ingested but must be emitted from cell.

Body systems working together to maintain the stable physiological balance.

levels of organization or the heirachy of complexity within humans.

the building blocks of all matter, pure substance that cannot be changed into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical treatment.

How many naturally occuring elements are there.

How many artifically produced elements are there.

states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

number of protons in the nucleus.

positive charge, in nucleus (1 atomic mass unit)

negative charge, in energy shell (1/1836 amu)

neutral, in nucleus (1amu)

atom that has gained or lost an electron

salt, electrolytes and minerals.

atom with same protons but different neutrons.

isotopes that give off energy in the form of radiation.

outermost energy shell of and atom.

a stable atom that is unreactive or inert has?

a unstable atom that will interact with other atoms has?

rule of eight, states that except for the first energy shell (stable with two electrons) atoms are stable with eight electrons in their valance shell.

completely transfers electrons from one to another enabling each atom to complete its valance shell.

positive charge ion.

negative charge ion.

atoms share electrons.

special type of covalent bond, atoms share eletrons, are held more tightly to one of the atoms resulting in a slightly negative charge at one end and a positive charge at the other end.

weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom in a molecule is attracted to a partially negative atom in another atom.

occur when chemical bonds are formed or broken.

absorbs energy from the surrounding area, usually from heat or light. (feels cold)

releases energy from the surrounding area. (feels hot)

two or small molecules combine to form a larger one. EX: A+B --->AB

metabolic reaction that consumes energy and constructs more complex molecules.

a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones. EX: AB ---> A+B

metabolic reaction that released energy and breaks down complex molecules.

two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms. EX: AB+CD ---->AD+CB

special exchange reactions in which electrons are exchanged between reactants.

A+B

--->

AB

factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions.

a pure substance made of two or more different elements in a fixed/definite proportion by mass.

a compound that does not contain carbon.

a compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen.

stable definable group of at least two atoms tightly held together by chemical bonds.

formed when two or more substances are blended together with no chemical change taking place.

occurs when on substance is dissolved into another.

the dissolved substance.

the substance in which the solute is dissolved

many substances seperate into very large particles or groups of smaller particles when mixed with water. EX: gelatin

formed when a finely divided substance does not dissolve in a solvent yet it remains spread throughout the solvent for some time. EX: blood, starch in water, milk of magnesium

special compounds that alter the hydrogen ion concentrations of a solution.

substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution or a proton donor.

substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution or a proton acceptor.

PH less than 7.0

PH greater than 7.0

substances that minimize changes in the concentration of hydrogen positive and OH ions when acids and bases are introduced. (stablizes the PH of a substance)

most abundant compound, forms 50-75% of the human body weight. has several unique properties that cause it to have the abilty to support life.

ability to stick to itself.

ability to stick to other like things.

building up, put together by removing water. monomers bond together to form polymers.

polymers break down to monomers, water going in

carried by red blood cells and found in all body fluids; it is final electron acceptor in cellular respiration.

the source of the carbon that is found in organic compounds in living systems; it is also a by product of cellular respiration

various elements in the form of ions are available in inorganic compounds.

simplest organic compounds consists of only hydrogen and carbon

small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic compound, they are bonded to a carbon chain

smallest of the organic compounds. they are molecules.

large complex molecules.

made of C,H,O with a 2:1 ratio between H and O. root word sacchar, suffix ose, prefix glyco. mainly function as a source of energy.

monomers of carbohydrates, simple sugars

two glucose molecules bonded together

many monosaccharides bonded together to form large carbohydrates

made of C,H, and O but with no ratio between H and O. Monomers are called fatty acids.

formed when one of the fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate group

characterized by having four linked carbon rings. EX: cholesterol, hormones

made of C,H, and O and occasionally Nitrogen and sulfer. monomers are amino acids.

bonds between amino acids and are covalent.

amino acids bond together to form a chain

the sequence of amino acids bonded in the polypetide

3 dimensional shape that results from hydrogen bonding between amino acids. can produce a spiral shape (a helix) or a folded plane that looks pleated (b-pleated sheet).

3 dimesional shaping that result from interactions among r groups

a protien that is assembled from two or more seperated peptide chains.

complex 3 dimensional strucutres

destroying a proteins ability to work properly by changing its shape

proteins that act as organic catalysts

molecules on which enzymes react. (anything an enzymes works on)

enzyme working on only one subtrate or molecule

organic cofactors which aid in certain reactions, many are vitamins

made of C,H,O,N,P and other elements. monomers are nucleotides.

main functions of nucleotides are

nitrogen base, monosaccharide, phosphate group.

nucleotide that functions as the principle energy carrying molecule of all cells.

most common and efficient way in which humans replenish ATP

Deoxyribonucleic acid. carrier of inheritance for humans. nitrogen bases are C,G,A,T and monosaccharide is deoxyribose

Ribonucleic acid. carries out the genetic instructions of DNA, mainly, that of making protiens.

RNA differs in 3 ways from DNA

bounds the cell and encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm. seperates intracellular metabolic events from external environment, also controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell body. it is selectively permeable.

plama membrane is a double phospholipid membrane

polar, phospholipid molecule, (phosphate)

nonpolar, phospholipid molecule (fatty acid)

developed in 1972, describes mosaic nature of these scattered proteins within a flexible matrix of phospholipid molecules.

integral proteins that provide passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophobic (water soluable) substances such as polar and charged molecules.

(transport proteins) integral proteins that show specificity for molecules.

a higher concentration of solutes

a lower concentration of solutes

an equal concentration of solutes

normal saline, concentration of the body fluids (interstital fluids), 0.9%

net movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

a passageway between two adjacent cells; formed by transmembrane proteins that allow an open for ions, molecules; etc. used in communication.

area where plasma membranes of adjacent cells are fused forming an impermaeable to almost impermeable junction

cell junction composed of thickened plasma membranes joined by filaments that anchor cells to one another

found in DNA, RNA, ATP and every cell membrane, bones

eat less