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80 bones
Lie along longitudinal axis
Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicle
Axial skeleton
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126 bones
Upper & lower limbs and pelvic & pectoral girdle
Appendicular Skeleton
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Protect brain & house ear ossicles
Muscle attachment for jaw, neck & facial muscle
Cranial bones
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Protect delicate sense organs - smell, taste, vision
Support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems
Facial bones
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sides & roof of cranial cavity
Parietal Bones
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Zygomatic process forms part of arch
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process
mandibular fossa (TMJ)
Temporal Bones
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Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
Occipital Bone
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Middle part at the base of the skull
Sphenoidal sinuses
Sella turcica holds pituitary glan
Sphenoid Bone
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Cranial floor, lateral nasal walls & nasal septum
Cribriform plate & olfactory nerves
Ethmoidal sinuses
Ethmoid Bone
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Lateral masses contain ethmoid sinuses
Perpendicular plate is upper part of nasal septum
Superior & middle nasal concha or turbinates– filters & warms air
Ethmoid Bone
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Paired cavities in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxillary
Lined with mucous membranes and open into nasal cavity
Resonating chambers for voice, lighten the skull
Sinusitis is inflammation of the membrane (allergy)
Paranasal Sinuses
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Immovable joints located between skull bone
Sutures
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Dense connective tissue membrane-filled space
Unossified at birth but close early in a child's life.
Fetal skull passesthrough the birthcanal.
Rapid growth of thebrain during infancy
Soft spots
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U-shaped bone in the neck
Does not articulate with other bones
Supports the tongue and attachment site for neck and pharynx muscles
Hyoid Bone
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Supports the body and head
Surrounds and protects the spinal cord
Attachment sites for ribs and back muscle
Vertebral Column
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Backbone or spine built of ____ vertebra
26
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What are the 5 vertebral regions?
- 1. Cervical vertebrae (7) in the neck–
- 2. Thoracic vertebrae ( 12 ) in the thorax
- 3. Lumbar vertebrae ( 5 ) in the low back region
- 4. Sacrum (5, fused)
- 5. Coccyx (4, fused)
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Typical Vertebrae: weight bearing
body
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Typical Vertebrae: Pedicles, laminae
Vertebral arch
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Typical Vertebrae: 2 transverse, 1 spinous, 1 articular
Processes
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Another name for spinal canal
Vertebral canal
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What is an Intervertebral foramen?
2 vertebral notches together
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Intervertebral Discs: Between adjacent vertebrae absorbs _____ _______.
vertical shock
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What permits various movement of the vertebral column?
Intervertebral Disc
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What is the intervertebral disc composed of?
Fibrocartilage ring with a pulpy center
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Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus
Most commonly in lumbar region
Pressure on spinal nerves causes pain
Surgical removal of disc after laminectom
Herniated (Slipped) Disc
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Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column: thoracic and sacral are formed during fetal development
Primary Curves
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Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column:
Cervical is formed when infant raises head at 4 months
Lumbar forms when infant sits up & begins to walk at 1 year
Secondary Curves
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Abnormal curves of the spine:
Lateral bending of the column
Scoliosis
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Abnormal curves of the spine:
Exaggerated thoracic curve
Kyphosis
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Abnormal curves of the spine:
Exaggerated lumbar curve
Lordosis
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What is composed of the:
Bony cage flattened from front to back
Sternum (breastbone)
Rib
Thorax
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Where are the ribs attached to the vertebrae?
At the body and transverse process
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Tubercle articulates with ________ process
Head articulates with _________ bodies
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