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Energy
The capacity to do work or produce heat
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Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can be converted from one form to another, but can neither be created nor destroyed.
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Potential energy
Energy due to position or composition
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Kinetic energy
Energy due to motion of an object
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Frictional heating
The transfer of energy that accounts for the "missing energy" when energy changes from form to form
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Heat
The transfer of energy between two objects due to a temperature difference
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Temperature
Reflects the random motions of particles in a particular substance
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Work
Force acting over a distance
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Pathway
Decides how energy is divided between work and heat
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State function
Property of a system that depends only on its present state, not its past or future
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System
The part of the universe on which we want to focus our attention
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Surroundings
Everything in the universe outside the system
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Exothermic reaction
Energy flows out of a system
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Endothermic reaction
Energy flows into a system
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Thermodynamics
The study of energy and its interconversions
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First Law of Thermodynamics
The energy of the universe is constant.
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Internal energy
The sum of kinetic and potential energies in a system
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Enthalpy
The change in energy plus the change in pressure-volume of a system
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Molar heat capacity
Energy required to raise 1 mol of a substance by 1 degree Kelvin
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Calorimeter
Device that experimentally determines the heat associated with a chemical reaction
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Calorimetry
The science of measuring heat
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Heat capacity
the amount of energy required to increase an objects temperature; factors in object's mass
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Specific heat capacity
The heat capacity per gram of substance
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Molar heat capacity
Heat capacity per mole of substance
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Coffee cup calorimeter
Studies energy changes in reactions under conditions of constant pressure
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Bomb calorimeter
Studies energy changes in reactions under conditions of constant volume
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Hess's Law of Heat Summation
In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.
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Standard enthalpy of formation
The change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mol of a compound from its elements with all substances in their respective standard states.
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Standard state
The reference state for a material's thermodynamic properties
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Fossil fuels
The product that results when plants are burned, resulting in energy that can be harnessed
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Petroleum
A thick, dark liquid composed of hydrocarbons
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Natural gas
Usually associated with petroleum deposits; consists of methane, ethane, propane, and butane
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Pyrolytic cracking
Process invented by William Burton to increase the yield of gasoline obtained from petroleum
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Coal
Formed from the remains of plants that were buried and subjected to pressure and heat over long periods of time
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Infrared radiation
Energy that has passed from the Sun, through the atmosphere, to Earth's surface, but is not reflected back into space
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Greenhouse effect
Net amount of thermal energy is retained by Earth's atmosphere, making it warmer than it would be without the atmosphere
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