Chem 31: Chapter 9

The capacity to do work or produce heat

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but can neither be created nor destroyed.

Energy due to position or composition

Energy due to motion of an object

The transfer of energy that accounts for the "missing energy" when energy changes from form to form

The transfer of energy between two objects due to a temperature difference

Reflects the random motions of particles in a particular substance

Force acting over a distance

Decides how energy is divided between work and heat

Property of a system that depends only on its present state, not its past or future

The part of the universe on which we want to focus our attention

Everything in the universe outside the system

Energy flows out of a system

Energy flows into a system

The study of energy and its interconversions

The energy of the universe is constant.

The sum of kinetic and potential energies in a system

The change in energy plus the change in pressure-volume of a system

Energy required to raise 1 mol of a substance by 1 degree Kelvin

Device that experimentally determines the heat associated with a chemical reaction

The science of measuring heat

the amount of energy required to increase an objects temperature; factors in object's mass

The heat capacity per gram of substance

Heat capacity per mole of substance

Studies energy changes in reactions under conditions of constant pressure

Studies energy changes in reactions under conditions of constant volume

In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.

The change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mol of a compound from its elements with all substances in their respective standard states.

The reference state for a material's thermodynamic properties

The product that results when plants are burned, resulting in energy that can be harnessed

A thick, dark liquid composed of hydrocarbons

Usually associated with petroleum deposits; consists of methane, ethane, propane, and butane

Process invented by William Burton to increase the yield of gasoline obtained from petroleum

Formed from the remains of plants that were buried and subjected to pressure and heat over long periods of time

Energy that has passed from the Sun, through the atmosphere, to Earth's surface, but is not reflected back into space

Net amount of thermal energy is retained by Earth's atmosphere, making it warmer than it would be without the atmosphere