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types tissues
- epithelium
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
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Cell types with basal lamina
- Epithelia, muscles, adipose cells, schwann cells
- aka basement membrane
- connective tissue
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Produced by the epithelial cells
Laminin, entactin, proteoglycans, collagen IV network
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Produced by the fibroblasts
reticular fiber, anchoring fibrils, and fibrilnectin
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anchoring fibrils
collagen VII
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Lamina Densa Ground substance
Collagen IV meshwork
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Lamina reticularis, blood vessel lining and liver/Thymus ground substance
- reticular fiber
- collagen III
- Ehlos Danlos Syndrom
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Ehlos Danlos Syndrom
- Collagen III (and I) deficiency.
- Enlarged organs
- Stretchy skin
- bursing vessels
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Collagen I
- tripple helix of tropocollagens
- III(reticular) forms fibers only, I and II can form bundles
- made in the rough ER
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Marfan's Syndrom
- Fibrillin gene mutation
- weakened elastic fibers
- aortic and atrial ruptures
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Sun damage
- produce deep wrinkles
- damages fibrillin microfilaments
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Proteoglycan aggregates
Proteoglycans bound to none sulfated hyaluronic acid chains with linker proteins
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Proteoglycans
- GAG and a protein core
- looks like a toilet brush
- attracts water by attracting + electrolytes
- in all ground substance (aggrecan), some transmembrane linkers (syndecan) and as some binding sites for growth factors
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Squamous
• simple
• stratified none keratinized
• stratified keratinized
- SS - site of fluid and gas transfer (lungs and blood vessle endothelial cells
- StraSNK-skin with dead cell on top
- StraSK - mucous membrane - vagina esophagus
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Cuboidal
• Simple
• Stratified
- Simple - protection and secretion - ovary covering, kidney tubules, duckts of glands
- Stratified - ducts of larger glands, exocrin glands and sweat glands
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Columnar
• Simple
• stratified
• pesudo-stratified
- SC - Secretion and protection of the digestive tract. Stomach, small inestine and gall bladder lining
- StraC- Ducts of large glands - vas deference, uterus and salavery glands
- PesudoStraC- TRACHEA cilliated with goblet cells and epididymis with long microvilli (stereocillia)
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StereoCillia
- Looks like cillia (clumping under LM)
- but is actually microvilli
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Microvilli
- Actin microfilliment deformed plasma membrane
- for absorption and increasing surface area
- forms brush boarder
- instestinal and renal cells for absorption
- inner ear and taste buds for sensory
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Cillia and Flagella
- 9/2 microtubles
- for movement and sensing
- in kidneys and all the sexy parts
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Ectopic Pregancies
- 95% in the uterine tube, bleeding and tube rupture is serious
- Some are bottom of the uterus
- rarely in the overies
- and some are abdominal and uterin rectal space
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Embroy anti-immunity
- IL-2 and other cytokines to fight against maternal immunity
- HLA-G blocks binding of T cells
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karatagener syndrome
- Dynenin arm defect
- cilia defect
- 20% complete situ inversus (cilia defect during 3rd week of development)
- Male infertility (flagella defect)
- respiratory disease (respiratory cilia defect)
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Holoprosencephaly and synophthalmia
- mutation of the sonic hedge hog gene failure to specificy midline during development
- alcohol abuse during first month of pregancy where EtOH selectivly kills midline cells
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Sirenomelia
- Caudal Dysgensis
- Lateral plate mesoderm didn't migrate
- maternal diabetes
- fused lower limb buds
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Sacrococcygeal teratoma
primitive streat remnant after 4th week will grow in to a tumor.
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Gastroschisis
- incompete lateral fold during development
- missing part of the anterior body wall, all your guts and shit come out.....
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anacephal and spina bifida
anterior and posterior neuropore incomplete closure (respectivly)
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unipolar cells have...
- two branches but only one axonal process coming off cell
- dentritic branch is pretty much the dentrite
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Golgi stain
- silver percitipation (heavy metal percipitate)
- neurons and glial cells
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motor neuron location
CNS - spinal cord and brain
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sensory neuron location (body)
PNS - ganglions
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Oligiodendrocytes
- CNS only
- CNS schwann cells
- can wrap multiple axons with myline sheets
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Astrocyte
- CNS only - most numerous
- protoplasmic (gray) and fibrous (white)
- highly expression of glial fibrilar acid protein
- supplies neurons with nutrients from blood
- forms scar tissues
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Microglial
- brain maphrophage
- monocyte precursor
- phagocytosis of debris and damaged structures of CNS
- AIDS dementia - due to infection of microglial cells in the CNS
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Ependymal cells
- lines and produces the ventricles and CSF of the brain and central canal
- cuboidal or low columnar
- cilia to move the CSF at coroid plexus
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Multiple Sclerosis
- demylination of the CNS by
- 1. autoimmune again myline
- 2. autoimmune again oligiodentrocyte
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Schwann Cell
- neuro crest progenitor
- mesaxon is where the wrapping ends/begins - the lip of the outter layer
- saltatory conduction through nodes of ranvier
- produces endonurium(lose connective tissue) of the PNS axon bundle
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Schmitt-lanternman Cleft
traped cytoplasm of the schwann cells in the myline sheets
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PNS Nerve Bundle Perinurium
- Perinurium bundles up several PNS axons with layers of flattened epithlial cells (not epithelium because it lacks connective tissue)
- Blood nerve barrier
- prevent bacteria and macro molecues from coming in contact with the nerve axons
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no question about it, don't argue with me!!!
don't play music ok, you are going to be in big trouble if i catch you
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Sinous Veinous
arachnoid projections into the the dural space to drain the CSF
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Glial Lamitans
barrier formed by the pedicles of the astrocytes making up the barrier up against the pia matter
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BBB
blood brain barrier formed by the endothelial cells of the capillaries supplying the CNS with tight junctions
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Cerebeller cortex
- molecular layer (apical - dendrites)
- purkinje layer (cell bodies)
- granule cell layer (smallest neural cells)
- below that is white matter
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Periphery Axon regeneration
- 1. chromatalysis - lose the basophilic color, decrease in nissle bodies (rough ER and ribosome combo)
- 2. anterograde /Wallerian degenerations: distal degeneration of the axon past the point of the injury
- 3. regeneration and guided through schwann cord
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Nissel bodies
in neurons, a combination of rough ER and free ribosomes that are used for synaptic vessicle production
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Traumatic Neuroma
- generated post nerve injury as axons try to repair and find its schwann chord
- large bulbous nerve ending cannot find its schwann chord and produce pain
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Perikaryon
= soma = cell body = nerve cell
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Dentritic spine
where a dentrite synaps with an axon
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Meissner's Corpuscle
epithelial receptor that detects light touch
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