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List the components of the polysomnograph
EEG, EOG, EMG
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List the 5 stages of sleep
- Stage 1 - transition stage
- Stage 2 - light sleep
- Stage 3 - deep sleep
- Stage 4 - deep sleep
- REM
- (3&4 known as slow wave sleep - SWS)
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Describe how homeostatic pressure and circadian
rhythm affect our ability to sleep
- substances accumulate during wakefulness and enhance activity of sleep-promoting cells while reducing activity of wake-promoting cells
- circadian rhythm controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus ; sleep/wake cycle correlated with body temp
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Describe the Restorative Theory of Sleep
- sleep, particularly SWS, allows for repair and rejuvenation
- incr. in cell meiosis/mitosis, tissue repair, immune response
- decr. in body metabolism, but brain metabolism increases durning REM perhaps due to neuronal consolidation memory
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list the effects of total and partial sleep deprivation.
- Total sleep deprivation kills rats, in humans - memory problems, irritability, immune probs, hallucinations
- Partial leads to decr insulin sensitivity and GH, but incr. cortisol
- REM deprivation leads to mania and REM rebound
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List the neural structures involved in arousal
and sleep
- Wakefulness - post. lat. hypothal. - NTs are glutamate, histamine, hypocretin
- Sleep - ventrolateral preoptic area of ant. hypothal - NTs are GABA and galanin
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Describe how changes in the activity of the RAS contribute to loss of sensory awareness and muscle tone at sleep onset
- As we fall asleep, ascending RAS insufficiently activated, and we are unaware of info input
- Also, descending RAS activity falls and muscle tone drops
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State the activity of 5-HT, NA, DA, ACh and
hypocretin/orexin neurons in wakefulness, NREM and REM sleep
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