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intellectual capital
collective brainpower of a workforce that can be used to create value
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cost competitiveness
costs that need to be managed carefully
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quality
excellence of product
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the four functions of management
planning, organizing, leading and controlling
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planning
specifying goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions taken to achieve those goals
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organizing
grouping jobs into work units, allocating resources and creating conditions so that people and things work together to achieve maximum success
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leading
mobilizing people, stimulating people to be high performers
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controlling
learning and changing, monitors progress and implements necessary changes
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top-level managers
senior executives of an organization and are responsible for its overall management
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middle-level managers
bridges the gap between higher and lower levels
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lower-level managers
supervise the operations of the organization and successfully implement operations in support of company strategy
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organization
collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose
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line manager
responsible for activities, which contribute for providing goods or service
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staff manager
use special technical expertise to support the efforts of line personnel
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functional manager
have responsibility for a single area of activity
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general manager
responsible for complex subunits that include many functional areas of activity
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administrators
managers of public and nonprofit organizations
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stakeholders
persons, groups, or institutions who are affected by the organization's performance
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