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The Irish immigrants who came in the middle of the 19th century
made the biggest impact on America's society
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Irish immigration can be divided into 4 eras
- pre-1840s
- late 1840s to early 1850s
- 1850s through 1880s
- 1970s through 1980s
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Similarities of all waves:
- All came for economic reasons - to escape poverty
- All were "ardent institution builders" in America
- Transformed American Catholic Churches into an Irish institution
- Permanent immigration
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Irish immigrants weren't always Catholic. First immigrants were
Protestants
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Irish Revolution displaced traditional Catholic majority and minor Presbyterians. Catholic landowners lost ____, _____ became poor and they wanted to move out.
Land, Irish
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Economic change from ____ economy to commercial agriculture contributed to flow out of Ireland.
Primitive woodland
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Irish ___ outnumbered ___
Men, Women
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Irish settled more in ____ areas but some did settle in the _____.
Urban, countryside
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Famine exodus : anyone who could afford to get out just left. There was no _____: where to go, when to go, who should go
strategizing
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Uniqueness of famine emigration
- Winter migration
- Equally divided between all ages and both genders
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Irish Immigrants of Potato Famine
- Needed more assistance
- More dependent
- Felt trapped
- Settled mostly in New York, Boston and Philadelphia
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Irish success in politics angered Americans
- Democratic party
- Zealous
- Superb timing - when cities began to take on more functions
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Postfamine-Migration: 1850-1920
More female
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Irish women worked as ____
Domestic servants
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