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what are the agents of socialization?
- family
- school
- peer groups
- mass media
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who made the biological throies of socialization?
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who made the psychology theories of socialization?
- freud
- piaget
- kohlberg
- gilligan
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who made the sociology theories of socialization?
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Wilson theory:
- started sociobiology
- war, peace, envy, competition and cooperation are believed to be rooted in our genes
- everything explained genetically
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Harlow theory:
- studied effect of social isolation on rhesus monkeys. Isolation at young age caused fear and hostility when introduced to others later in life.
- if you arent exposed to other human beings will not have the same attributes
- biologists argue that we cannot be resocialized
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Freud theory:
- personality is largely submerged in the unconscious
- argued conflict is important
- dont know whats really driving us to do what we do
- revealed that there is more going on in our minda than we think
- described the human mind as being in conflict between deep desires and demands placed upon us by society
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according to freud what are 3 parts of the brain ? (explain)
- Id-self interested
- dmand immediate gratification
- pleasure principle
- ex: i want that candy bar not matter what
- superego- part of mind that has internalized society norms
- personal conscious
- ex: stealing is wrong in society
- Ego: balance ID and superego
- reality principle
- ex: i will have to save money in order to buy the candy bar
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according to freud what are the stages of development? (explain)
- oral: dependent, smoker, drinker
- anal: excessively orderly, stubborn, overly generous
- phallic: homosexuality
- latent
- genital
- failure to progress through each stage will result in personality disorders
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explain piaget theory:
- children go through stages:
- -sensorimotor (sensory contact)
- -preoperational (begin to use symbols)
- -concrete operational (take role of others)
- -formal operational (abstract thought)
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explain kohlberg theory:
- stages of moral developement:
- -preconventional (punishment & obedience)
- -conventional (peer influence primary)
- post conventional (moral conduct/ human rights)
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explain gilligan theory:
- critical of kohlberg
- moral development is gendered
- male more concerned with law and order
- female more concerned with social consequences of social relationships
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explain cooley theory:
- introduced idea of looking slef glass suggesting that te gestures and reaction of others are a mirror or "looking glass" in which we see ourselves
- first image of self is recieved from significant others such as parents
- structure and content of self are derived from society which is represented by groups and significant others surrounding the individual
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explain Mead's theory:
- three stages in taking the role of the other:
- egocentric stage- inability to take on role of others
- imitative stage- imitate others ( children)
- play stage- adopt role of siginificant others-play shift from imitative to imaginative
- game stage-child gains understanding of social expectations and rules
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explain "Me" and "I"
- me- objective part of self
- percieve ourself from standpoint of others
- I- subjective component
- active component initiates action
- generalized other- how people in general respond in a situation
- internalized
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explain goffman theory:
- we are given roles and scripts and we put on a role performance. true selves on backstage
- examined how people may be scialized against their will
- in total institutions such as prisons where people isolated from society and regulated under one authority
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what do psychologists stress?
personality is relatively permanent over the course of the life
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what do socioligists tend to concentrate on?
social causes of human behaviour
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