PSYCH EXAM 2

overweight

caregivers' behavior

the U.S.

daily

US motor vehicle accidents

parental smoking

• wheezing symptoms
• asthma
• sleep problems
• sleep-disordered breathing

• do not yet perform operations
• represent the world with words, images, & drawings
• form stable concepts & begin to reason
• cognition dominated by egocentrism & magical beliefs

• symbolic functions
• intuitive thought

ages 2 to 7

• egocentrism
• animism

cannot distinguish one's own perspective from someone else's

the belief that inanimate objects have life like qualities & are capable of action

• a substage of the preoperational stage
• child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present

• a substage of the preoperational stage
• children use primitive reasoning & want to know the answers to questions
• always want to know WHY
• 4-7 years
• Have difficulty understanding events that cannot be seen and negotiating traffic
• Are unaware of how they know what they know
• Why of death is a hard concept to grasp

the three mountain task

centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

altering a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties

• range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance
• what parenting is built on
• its to get them towards independence

• changing the level of support during a teaching session
• teachers adjust support for a child to master it

can produce substantial distortions in children's reports about events

• neutral
• limits the use of misleading questions

awareness of one's own mental process and mental processes of others

children begin to understand three mental states- perceptions, desires, and emotions

children understand false beliefs

appreciation of the mind

understands the beliefs and thoughts of others

when children can understand that people can have different, and sometimes incorrect, beliefs

• The False Belief Task
• found that children younger than 4 years old do no understand that it is possible to have a false belief

• have difficulty developing theory of mind
• difficulty in understanding others' beliefs and emotions

intiative verses guilt

• move out into the world on their own
• great governor is conscience
• initiative & enthusiasm may bring them rewards but also can lead to guilt which can lower self-esteem

• the representation of self
• the substance and content of self-conceptions
• Others have emotions and desires, don't always give accurate reports of their beliefs, and understand joint commitments

• emotion-coaching
• emotion-dismissing

parents monitor their child's emotions, view them as opportunities for teaching, and coach them in how to deal with emotions effectively

parents view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

• Davidov & Grusec
• response to child without warmth regulated negative emotions
• response of warmth regulated positive emotions

the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

• Piaget
• heteronomous morality (4 to 7 years)
• autonomous morality (10 years and up)

justice and rules are unchangeable

rules and laws are created by people

• responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings
• needed for perspective taking

• authoritarian
• authoritative
• neglectful
• indulgent

parents demand obedience and respect

• encourages children to be independent while placing limits and controls on action
• may be most effective

parent is very uninvolved in child's life

parents highly involved but place few demands or controls on the child

use of corporal punishment is linked to antisocial behavior

• reason with the child
• explain the consequences of the child's actions for others

parents are involved in intergenerational transmission of abuse

positive and negative effects

poorer adjustment than children from intact families

few differences than in children with hetersexual parents

a pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake

• sensorimotor play
• practice play
• pretense/symbolic play
• social play
• constructive play
• games

behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas

play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

play that involved social interactions with peers

• play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas
• occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation or construction of a product or solution

activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often competition with one or more individuals

TV and video game violence cause an increased aggression in children

TV shows with positive social interchanges teaches children how to use social skills

a child who has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language

• dyslexia
• dysgraphia
• dyscalculia

a catagory of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell

a learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting

• also known as developmental arithmetic disorder
• a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation

• pervasive developmental disorders
• range from autistic disorder to asperger syndrome
• characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors

• onset in first 3 years of life
• deficiencies in social relationships
• abnormalities in communication
• restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior

• a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder
• child has relatively good verbal language
• milder nonverbal language problems
• a restricted range of interests and relationships

a written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored to a child with a disability

a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated

educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom

7 to 11 years

• children can perform concrete operations
• can logically reason as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
• capable of seriation and transitivity

the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (length)

the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

• mental age
• intelligence quotient

Binet's measure of an individual's level of mental development compared with that of others

a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

• analytical intelligence
• creative intelligence
• practical intelligence

the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast

the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine

the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice

a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence

• mild
• moderate
• severe
• profoundly mentally retarded

• IQs of 55-70
• able to live independently
• work at a variety of jobs

• IQs of 40-54
• can attain a second-grade level of skills
• may be able to support themselves as adults through some types of labor

• IQs of 25-39
• learn to talk and accomplish very simple tasks but require extensive supervision

• IQs below 25
• need constant supervision

• show an increase in perspective taking
• recognize social aspects of the self
• become skeptical of others' claims

global evaluations of the self, global assessmen

domain-specific evaluations of the self, specific

belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

industry vs. inferiority

children become interested in how things work (dominant theme of this stage)

parents who see their children's efforts as mischief may encourage inferiority

• preconventional reasoning
• conventional reasoning
• postconventional reasoning

• lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development
• individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishments

• heteronomous morality
• individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

• Kohlberg's second stage of preconventional reasoning
• individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same

• the second level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development
• individuals abide by certain standards but they are the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society

• mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
• social systems morality

• Kohlberg's third stage of moral development
• individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as basis of moral judgements

• the fourth stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development
• moral judgements are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty

• highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development
• individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code

• social contract or utility and individual rights
• universal ethical principles

• the fifth Kohlberg stage
• individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law

• sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development
• individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights

the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group

• popular children
• average children
• neglected children
• rejected children
• controversial children

frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely dislike by their peers

receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers

infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

are infrequently nominate as one's best friend and are actively dislike by their peers

infrequently nominated both as someone's best friend and being disliked

• thoughts about social matters
• important for understanding peer relationships

• Decode social cues
• Interpret at positive or negative
• Search fo an appropriate response
• Select an optimal response
• Enact