Pharmacology Midterm I

Study of drugs

The study of pharmacodynamics

The action of drugs on living tissue.

The processes of drugs. ADME

• A: Absorption
• D: Distribution
• M: Metabolism
• E: Excretion

The use of drugs in treating disease

The Science of preparing and dispensing medications

The amount of drugs that is required to produce therapeutic effects.

The harmful effects of dugs on living tissue.

It is a substance or compound when given to a living organism produces a change in fungtion.

• - Animals
• - Plants
• - Microorganisms
• - Chemical compounds

Therapeutic effect

The therapeutic use of any drug - What it is used for

• Refered to the situation or circumstance when a particular drug should not be used.
• ex) High BP PT cannot take cough medicen b/c it raise BP.

• They are considered more of nusiance(不快） than they are harmful.
• ex) headache, nausea = not allergy

• there effects may be harmful or when on extended treatment may cause damage to organs.
• ex) if you exceed the intake of Tyenol, Liver will be hurt.

Drug poisoning and the result is extremely harmful and maybe life threatning.

The effects that occur when the action of one drug are affected by another drug.

• - Inconpatibility
• - Additive effects
• - Summation
• - Synergism
• - Antagonism

• Physical changes of drugs that occur before administration with different drugs which were mixed in the same container or syringe.
• ex) Lidocane mixed with Bicarbonate = incompatible

Combined effect of 2 drugs each producing the same biological response by the same MOA(Mechanism of Action)

The combined effects of 2 drugs each producing the same biological response with a different MOA(mechanism of action)

When the combined effect of 2 drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

ex) the 2 drugs doesn't work as great by itself, but when we combine them, the effect is great.

• When the combined effect of 2 drugs is less than the sum of their indivisual effects.
• - somehow block the drug from acting

• The location in the body where the drug exerts its therapeutic effects.
• - Site of action is not always known

• Mechanism of Action
• = explains how a drug produces its effects
• = knowlege of the MOA of drugs exert the effects that they do.

The specific location (site) where the drug attaches itself to the cell membrane.

They are drugs that bind to specific receptors and produce a drug action.

Drugs that bind to specific receptors but DO NOT produce any drug action. Their role is to block other drugs or substances from producing an effect.

When both agents are given and compete with the same receptor site.

The exact amount of drug that is given to produce a specific effect.

The effect of this dose is called the response. (Reaction)

• it is proportional to the dose.
• As the dose increases, so does the magnitude of the response.
• Max response 100% anything further produces a cieling effect.

• when a further increase in dose will not produce a greater effect.
• usually anything above will cause undesirable toxic drug effects.

Potency 効能

• ED50 stands for Effective Dose at 50%
• Is the dose that will produce an effect that is half of the maximal response.

The relationship of the dose response and the time

Is the time that the drug continues to produce its effect.

- Safety and efficacy

the dose that will kill 50% of the animals tested and is used to predict safety of the drug.

• TI stands for Therapeutic Index
• is represented as the ratio of LD50 to the ED50 of a drug.
• TI is only used in animal studies to establish dosage levels for other testing.

• TI = LD50 / ED50
• TI = 2000mg / 50mg = 40
• --> Need 40 times more of ED50 to produce LD50

TI = LD50 / ED50 = 1000mg / 100mg = 10

If TI(Therapeutic Index) is 10, it indicates 10 times as much drug is needed to produce a lethal effect in 50% of the animals as is needed to produce the Therapeutic Effect in 50% of the animals.

ED 50 is used to compare the potency （効能）of drugs that produce the same response.

to achieve therapeutic effects in all individuals without producing any harmful effects.

Drug Enforcement Agency

it is designed to regulate the sidpensing of certain drugs that have potential for abuse.

5 schedules

• Drugs with high abuse potential and Not accepted medical use
• ex) Cocaine

• Drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use.
• ex) Morphine, pure cordeine

• Drugs with moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use.
• ex) Tyenol 3, Vicaden

• Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use.
• ex) advan, valium

• Drugs with limited abuse potential and accepted medical use.
• ex) cough syrup w/ cordeine

Both Physical and Chemical properties of drug

• Aqueous preparations
• Alcoholic preparations
• Solid and Semi Solid

syrups and suspensions 懸濁液=固体粒子が液体中に分散した分散系

• Elixeis エリキシル剤、甘味と香りを付けたアルコール水溶液で、薬剤を飲みやすくするために用いられる。
• Spirits 蒸留酒
• Tinctures 色味を帯びさせる
• Extracts

Solid and Semi-solid

Ground into fine particles

Powders that have been compressed

Mouth

Gelatine Shell encases the drug powder.

Tablets or capsules with special coating so it will dissolve at different times.

Special coating because either drug irritates the stomach or stomach destroys drug.

• Spherical Oral Drug Absorption System
• This allows for less frequent dosing.

• Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System
• This is a 2 compartment tablet and will deliver drug at a constant rate over extended periods of time.

• 座薬
• drugs inserted into body cavities
• drug is absorbed through rectum

• Ointment: Hydrophobic = increases moisture. Stays longer for localized area.
• Cream: Hydorophillic, water soluble, covering larger surface.
• Gel: Cooling effect