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Name the molecules of life.
Lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins
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What are the functional traits of life
Growth, reproduction, homeostasis, sense and respond to stimuli, obtain and use energy
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Homeostasis
Maintain a stable internal environment even when external environment changes
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Metabolism
All the chemical reactions taking place in the cells of a living organism that allow it to obtain and use energy
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Element
Chemically pure substance that can't be chemically broken down. Each is made up of and defined by a single type of atom
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Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
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Atom
The smallest unit of an element that can't be chemically broken down into smaller units
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Proton
A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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Electron
A negatively charged subatomic particle with negligible mass
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Neutron
An electrically uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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Nucleus
The dense core of an atom
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covalent bond
strong chemical bond resulting from the sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms
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molecule
atoms linked by covalent bonds
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organic molecule
molecule with a carbon-based backbone and at least one C-H bond
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inorganic molecule
molecule that lacks a carbon-based backbone and C-H bonds
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carbohydrate
organic molecule made up of one or more sugars. carb with 1 sugar is a monosaccharide and carb with multiple linked sugars is called a polysaccharide
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protein
organic molecule made up of linked amino acid subunits
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lipids
organic molecules that generally repel water
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nucleic acids
organic molecules made up of linked nucleotide subunits. DNA and RNA are examples
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macromolecules
large organic molecules that make up living organisms; eg. carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids
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monomer
one chemical subunit of a polymer
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polymer
molecule made up of individual subunits, called monomers, linked together in a chain
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monosaccharide
the monomer of a carbohydrate
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amino acid
the monomer of a protein
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nucleotide
the monomer of a nucleic acid
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function of carbohydrate
- some act as energy-storing molecules in many organisms.
- others provide structural support for cells
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structure of monosaccharide
carbon backbone is most often arranged in a ring
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complex carbohydrate
monosaccharides bonded together in straight or branching chain
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structure of amino acid
- 20 different amino acids
- amino group (has a nitrogen) carboxyl group (C double bond OH) and an R group (H-C-?) in the middle
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protein structure
- chain of amino acids
- proteins do not function properly until they fold up into their unique three-dimensional shape
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4 kinds of lipids
- fatty acids
- sterols (cholesterol)
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
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fatty acids and structure of
long chain of carbon atoms bonded to one another and to hydrogen atoms
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sterols and their structure
4 connected carbon rings
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triglycerides
3 fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule
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- fatty acids
- saturated
- unsaturated
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phospholipid
- 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule
- important component of cell membranes
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nucleic acids and their structure
- made up of nucleotides
- the nucleotides form either DNA or RNA
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nucleotide structure
sugar, phosphate group and base
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what are the 4 bases that are associated with nucleotides
- adenine
- guanine
- cytosine
- thyamine (DNA) or uracel (RNA)
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pH
- the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
- acid - more H+
- base - less H+
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carbon is a key component of life
4 things about carbon
- 4th most common element in the universe
- 2nd most common element in your body
- ability to form multiple covalent bonds
- forms both organic and inorganic molecules
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hydrogen bond
a weak electrical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atam and another atom with a partial negative charge
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draw a representation of hydrogen bonding between water molecules
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properties of water
- water molecules can absorb a lot of energy before they get hot and vaporize because of their hydrogen bonds
- ice floats because water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
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why is pH important?
- strong acids and bases are highly reactive with other substances, which makes them destructive to the molecules in a cell
- many biochemical reactions take place only at a certain pH
- living things are extremely sensitive to changes in pH, and most function best when their pH stays within a specific range
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