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Case study
- an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing univeral principles
- hard to generalize
- observation based and not experiment based; can't prove anyting concrete
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Survey
- a technique for accertianing se;f-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.
- must be completely random
- questions must be clear
- diction also plays a role: welfare vs. helping the needy
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False Consensus Effect
the tendancy to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
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Population
All cases of a group, from which samples may be taken for study
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Random Sample
- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
- this way it's most likely to get a "normal" set of the population in the mix
- the larger the better
- make sure you don't end up getting all similar types of people
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Naturalistic observations
- observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
- doesn't explain behavior, it just describes it
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Correlation Coefficient
- a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts one another
- the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1
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Scatterplot
- a graphed cluster of dots each of which represents the value of two variables the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the variables.
- the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the corelation
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Illusionary corelations
- the perception of a relationship where none exists.
- when we believe there is a relationship btw 2 things, we are more likely to recall or notice more and more instances that support our belief.
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Experiment
- a research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more factors(IV) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process(DV).
- ramndom assignment tries to eliminate any untested factors
- 1)manipulates factors of interest
- 2)holds controlls other factors
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Double-Blind Proceedure
an experiment in which neither the participant or the tester knows who has the treatment or the placebo so as not to bias the results or observations
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Placebo Effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.
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Experimental condition
- the condition of an experiment that exposes participants ot the treatment, that is, to one version of the independant variable.
- the group in the double-blind that is actually treated
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Control Condition
- the condition of an experiment that serves as a comparison to the experimental condition for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
- people getting placebos instread of the actual treatment
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Random Assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences btw those assigned to different groups
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Independant Variable
- the experimental factor that is manipulated' the variable whose effect is being studied
- age, weight, personality
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Dependant Variable
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independant variable.
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Mode
the most frquently appearing score(s) in a set of data
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Range
- the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
- most affected by extreme scores
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Standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
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Statistical Significance
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
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