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What are the two kinds of Fish Fins?
Median and Ventral
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Are Median Fish Fins paired or unpaired?
Unpaired
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What are the 3 kinds of Median Fish Fins?
- Dorsal (1 or 2)
- Caudal
- Anal
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Are Ventral Fish Fins paired or unpaired?
Paired
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What are the 2 kinds of Ventral Fish Fins?
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What are the 3 functions of the Fish Fins?
- Control Yaw, Pitch, Roll
- Propulsion
- Steering
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Which fins (Caudal/Pectoral) are responsible for controlling Propulsion?
Caudal
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Which fins (Caudal/Pectoral) are responsible for controlling Steering?
Pectoral
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What are the 3 Origin Theories of Fish Fins?
- Finfold Theory
- Body Spine Theory
- Gill Arch Theory
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What do Basal Pterygiophores do?
They support Fin Rays by articulating to the Pectoral Girdle.
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What does Ceratotrichia do and which group of Fish is it present in?
Makes up the bulk of the Fin and is present in Chondrichthyans.
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Define Lepidotrichia and which group of Fish do they belong to?
Bony Fin Ray - Osteichthyans
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For Tetrapod Limb Development, list the 3 Morphological Terms and place them in order starting from Proximal to Distal.
- Stylopodium - Proximal
- Zeugopodium - Medial
- Autopodium - Distal
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For Tetrapod Limb Development, the Axis develops through what?
Postaxial Elements
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What two components make up the Pectoral Girdle?
Dermal & Endochondral
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Describe the evolution of the Pectoral Girdle for Earliest Gnathostomes.
- Joined to Head.
- Dermal - Post-Temporals, Supracleithrum, Cleithrum, Clavicle
- Endochondral - Scapulocoracoid
- Glenoid Fossa faces posterolaterally.
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List the Trends in evolution from Fish to Mammal.
- Reduction of Dermal Elements.
- Increased size of Endochondral Elements.
- Reduction in the Number of Bones.
- Reorientation of the Glenoid Fossa.
- Enlargement of Dorsolateral Relative to Ventral Components.
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Describe the Evolution of the Pectoral Girdle in Labyrinthodonts.
- Loss of Skull Attachment.
- 3 Dermals - Clavicle, Cleithrum, Interclavicle
- 1 Endochondral - Scapulocoracoid
- Glenoid Fossa faces Laterally.
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Describe the Evolution of Pectoral Girdle in Early Reptiles.
- 3 Dermals - Clavicle, Interclavicle, Cleithrum
- 2 Endochondrals - Scapula & Anterior Coracoid
- Glenoid faces Laterally.
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Describe the Evolution of the Pectoral Girdle in Modern Lizards.
- 2 Dermals - Clavicle, Interclavicle
- 2 Endochondrals - Anterior Coracoid, Scapula
- Glenoid Faces Laterally
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Describe the Evolution of the Pectoral Girdle of Archosaurs and Birds.
- 2 Dermals - Clavicle, Interclavicle
- 2 Endochondrals - Anterior Coracoid, Scapula
- Birds - Furcula (Wishbone) - Fused CL and ICL
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Describe the Evolution of the Pectoral Girdle of MLRs.
- 3 Dermals - Clavicle, Interclavicle, Cleithrum
- 3 Endochondrals - Scapula, Anterior Coracoid, & Posterior Coracoid
- Hint of acromion process on Scapula
- Glenoid Fossa faces Ventrolaterally
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Describe the Evolution of the Pectoral Girdle of Mammal Monotremes.
- 2 Dermals - Clavicle, Interclavicle
- 3 Endochondrals - Scapula, Anterior Coracoid, Posterior Coracoid
- Glenoid faces Ventrolaterally
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Describe the Evolution of Pectoral Girdle of Therian Mammals.
- 1 Dermal - Clavicle
- 2 Endochondrals - Scapula, Reduced Posterior Coracoid
- Supraspinous Fossa, Scapular Spine, Well-developed Acromion Process
- Gelnoid Faces Ventrally
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The Pelvic Girdle is primarily made up of which? Endochondral or Dermal?
Endochondral
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Describe the Evolution of the Pelvic Girdle in Fishes.
- Small Ventral Plates - Single Ossification
- Not attached to vertebral column.
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Describe the Pelvic Girlde of the Primitive Tetrapods.
- 3 Ossifications - Pubis, Ischium, Ilium
- Attached to Vertebral Column by 1 Sacral Rib
- Acetabulum in center, faces laterally
- Ventral areas enlarged for muscle origins used in holding trunk away from substrate
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Describe the evolution of the Pelvic Girdle of the Living Reptiles
- Attached to Vertebral Column by 2 Sacral Vertebrae
- Acetabulum faces Laterally
- Posteriorly expanded Ilium and Ischium
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Describe the evolution of the Pelvic Girdle of Bipedal Archosaurs and Birds.
- Synsancrum in birds - fused to pelvic girdle
- Acetabulum has dorsal rim, faces ventrolaterally
- More expanded ilium & larger sacrum
- Muscles shift from ventral to more dorsal
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Describe the evolution of the Pelvic Girdle of MLR's and Mammals.
- Larger sacrum than other reptiles/amphibians
- Acetabulum faces ventrolaterally
- Muscles shift from ventral to more dorsal
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