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bilirubin
orange-colored or yellowish pigment in bile
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bolus
mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed
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exocrine
denotes a gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
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sphincter
circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body
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sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
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duoden/o
duodenum (first part of small intestine)
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enter/o
intestine (usually small intestine)
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jejun/o
jejunum (second part of the small intestine)
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ile/o
ileum (third part of small intestine)
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append/o
appendic/o
appendix
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-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
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-phagia
swallowing, eating
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anorexia
lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
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appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
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ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
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chachexia
physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer
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cholelithiasis
presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
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cirrhosis
scarring and dysfunction of the liver cause by chronic liver disease
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colic
spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
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crohn disease
chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis
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deglutition
act of swallowing
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dysentery
inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, which results in bloody diarrhea
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dyspepsia
epigastric discomfort felt after eating; also called indigestion
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dysphagia
inability or difficulty in swallowing; also called aphagia
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eructation
producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching
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fecalith
fecal concretion
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flatus
gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
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gastroesophageal reflux disease
backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
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halitosis
offensive, or "bad," breath
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hematemesis
vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon
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malabsorption syndrome
symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph
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melena
passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices
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obesity
morbid obesity
- excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent of more above ideal body weight
- BMI of 40+ (about 100lbs over body ideal body weight)
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obstipation
severe constipation; may be caused by an intestinal obstruction
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oral leukoplakia
formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation
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peristalsis
progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body, especially the GI tract
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pyloric stenosis
stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphinter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine
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regurgitation
backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
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steatorrhea
passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it
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endoscopy
visual examination of a cavity or canal using a flexible fiberoptic instrument called an endoscope
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upper GI
lower GI
endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
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hepatitis panel
panel of blood tests that identify the specific virus-- hep A (HAV) hep B (HBV), or hep C (HCV)- causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens
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liver function tests (LFTs)
group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract
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serum bilirubin
measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood
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stool culture
test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces
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stool guaiac
applying a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult
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barium enema (BE)
radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium sulfate (contrast medium) into the rectum; also called lower GI series
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barium swallow
radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium sulfate (contrast medium); also called esophagram and upper GI series
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cholecystography
radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet
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computed tomography (CT)
imaging technique achieved by rotating an xray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
endoscopic procedure that provides radiographic cisualization of the bile and pancreatic ducts to identify partial or total obstructions, as well as stones, cysts, and tumors
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percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTCP)
radiographic examination of bile duct structures
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sialography
radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts
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abdominal ultraonography (US)
ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile, ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder
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nasogastric intubation
procedure that involves insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastic distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; to instill medication, food, or fluids; or to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
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anastomosis
surgical joining to 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from 1 to another
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ileorectal anastomosis
intestinal "
- surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes perfomed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
- surgical connection of 2 portions of the intestines; also called enteroenterostomy
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bariatric surgery
group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems
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vertical banded gastroplasty
upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch. A band is then inserted that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
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roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch. Next, the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch , causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration. This decreased the pathway of food thru the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats
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colostomy
creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
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lithotripsy
procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
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polypectomy
excision of a polyp (small growth)
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pyloromyotomy
incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pyloris; used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
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antacids
counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach
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antidiarrheals
control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract
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antiemetics
control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain
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antispasmodics
decrease GI spasms by slowing peristalsis and motility thruout the GI tract
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laxatives
treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to increase defecation
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