Medical Terminology CH. 6

orange-colored or yellowish pigment in bile

mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed

denotes a gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

mouth

tongue

cheek

lip

teeth

gum(s)

saliva, salivary gland

esophagus

pharynx

stomach

pyloris

duodenum (first part of small intestine)

intestine (usually small intestine)

jejunum (second part of the small intestine)

ileum (third part of small intestine)

appendix

colon

sigmoid colon

rectum

anus, rectum

anus

liver

pancreas

bile vessel

bile, gall

gallbladder

bile duct

vomit

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

enlargement

appetite

digestion

swallowing, eating

meal

discharge, flow

through, across

around

under, below

lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer

presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

scarring and dysfunction of the liver cause by chronic liver disease

spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain

chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis

act of swallowing

inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, which results in bloody diarrhea

epigastric discomfort felt after eating; also called indigestion

inability or difficulty in swallowing; also called aphagia

producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching

fecal concretion

gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus

backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

offensive, or "bad," breath

vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon

symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices

• excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent of more above ideal body weight
• BMI of 40+ (about 100lbs over body ideal body weight)

severe constipation; may be caused by an intestinal obstruction

formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation

progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body, especially the GI tract

stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphinter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it

visual examination of a cavity or canal using a flexible fiberoptic instrument called an endoscope

endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

panel of blood tests that identify the specific virus-- hep A (HAV) hep B (HBV), or hep C (HCV)- causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens

group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract

measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces

applying a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult

radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium sulfate (contrast medium) into the rectum; also called lower GI series

radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium sulfate (contrast medium); also called esophagram and upper GI series

radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

imaging technique achieved by rotating an xray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

endoscopic procedure that provides radiographic cisualization of the bile and pancreatic ducts to identify partial or total obstructions, as well as stones, cysts, and tumors

radiographic examination of bile duct structures

radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts

ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile, ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder

procedure that involves insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastic distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; to instill medication, food, or fluids; or to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

surgical joining to 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from 1 to another

• surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes perfomed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
• surgical connection of 2 portions of the intestines; also called enteroenterostomy

group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems

upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch. A band is then inserted that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch. Next, the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch , causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration. This decreased the pathway of food thru the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats

creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag

procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

excision of a polyp (small growth)

incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pyloris; used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach

control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

decrease GI spasms by slowing peristalsis and motility thruout the GI tract

treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to increase defecation