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Syllogism
Any deductive argument in which a conclusion is inferred from 2 premises
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Categorical Syllogism
Adeductive argument of 3 propositions that together contain 3 terms, each of which occurs in 2 of the constituent propositions
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Standard Form Categorical Syllogism-
- A categorical Syllogism in which the premises and conclusions are all starndard form categoricalpropositions (A,E,I,O)
- They are arranged with the major premise first, minor premise second, and the conclusion last
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Major term/Major premise
- The term that occurs as the predicate of the conclusion.
- The major premise is the premise that contains the major term.
**The predicate term of the conclusion**
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Minor term/Minor premise
- term the occurs as the subject of the conclusion.
- The minor premise is the premise that contains the minor term
**Subject term of the conclusion**
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Middle Term
The term that occurs in both premises, but never in the conclusion.
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Identify the major, minor, and middle terms and premises of the following proposition
No heroes are cowards.
Some soldiers are cowards.
Therefore some soldiers are not heroes.
- Major term- Heroes
- Minor term- Soldiers
- Middle term- Cowards
- Major premise- No heroes are cowards
- Minor premise- Some soldiers are cowards
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Mood of a syllogism
One of the 64 three letter characterizations of categorical syllogisms determined by the forms of the standard form propositions it contains
In the given example, the major premise was an E, the minor premise an I, and the conclusion an O. EIO mood.
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Figure
the logical shape of a syllogism, determined by the position of the middle term in its premises; there are 4 possible figures
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Syllogisms can have 4 possible different figures;
- 1. The middle term may be the subject term of the major premise and the predicate term of the minor premise
- 2. The middle term may be the predicate term of both premises
- 3. The middle term may be the subject term of both premises
- 4. The middle term may be the predicate term of the major premise and the subject term of the minor premise
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M--P
S--M
S--P
First figure
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P--M
S--M
S--P
Second figure
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M--P
M--S
S--P
Third figure
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P--M
M--S
S--P
Fourth figure
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If the middle term is in the subject place in both premises then the figure is
third figure
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If the middle term is in the predicate position in both of the premises then the figure is
P-M
S-M
S-P
second figure
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Therefore;
conclusion indicator
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In consequence
conclusion
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For this reason
Conclusion
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For these reasons
Conclusion
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It follows that
conclusion
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I conclude that
conclusion
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Which shows that
conclusion
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Which means that
Conclusion
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Which entails that
Conclusion
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Which implies that
Conclusion
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Which allows us to infer that
Conclusion
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Which points to the conclusion that
Conclusion
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The reason is that
premise
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For the reason that
premise
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May be inferred from
premise
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May be derived from
premise
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May be deduced from
premise
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In view of the fact that
premise
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If the X lands on the line;
then it is invalid
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Rules in diagraming Venn Diagrams
- 1. Always diagram universal first
- 2. If in diagraming particular (I,O) you have more than one region that you think the X should go, put the X on the line between the two regions
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Fallacy of Four Terms
A formal mistake in which a categorical syllogism contains more than three terms
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Syllogistic Rules and Fallacies
- 1. Avoid 4 terms
- 2. Distribute the middle term in atleast 1 premise
- 3. Any term distributed in the con. must be distributed in the premises
- 4. Avoid 2 negative premises
- 5. If either premise is negative the con. must be negative
- 6. From 2 universal premises noparticular con. me be drawn
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Fallacies that stem from the syllogistic rules
- 1. Four terms
- 2. Undistributed middle
- 3. Illicit Major/Minor
- 4. Exclusive premises
- 5. Drawing an affirmitive conclusion
- 6. Existential fallacy
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What is the fallacy?
Some M are P
Some S are not M
Some S are not P
Illicit major
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What is the fallacy?
Some M are not P
All M are S
No S are P
Illicit minor
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What is the fallacy?
No P are M
Some S are not P
Some S are not P
- The fallacy of exclusive premises
- two negative premises
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What is the fallacy?
All P are M
All M are S
Some S are P
Existential fallacy
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What is the Fallacy?
Some P are not M
All S are M
All S are P
Fallacy of drawing an affirmative conclusion
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