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Stairs provide dual roles, What are they?
A means of egress and access to different levels
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6 types of stairs and describe
- Straight run- straight line entire length; may have landings
- Return stairs- intermediate landings; reverse direction
- Scissor stairs-2 separate stairs in common shaft
- Circular stairs- found as Grand stairs, or convenience connecting 2 levels, w 10"
- Folding stairs- attics
- Spiral stairs- allows stairs in a very small space, each tread tapered connected on narrow end
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Stairs as a means of egress
Describe: exterior stairs
exterior and open to air, maybe partially enclosed from weather, atleast 1 side open
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Describe fir escapes
open metal stairs and landings, not permitted for decades
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Describe Smokeproof enclosure
buildings have requirement of 1 smokeproof enclosure stairwell on buildings 5+ stories and more recently levels more than 30ft below grade
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Active smokeproof enclosure
mechanical air handling system(fans) designed to keep smoke out by pressuring the shaft
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Passive smokeproof enclosure
Accessed by a vestibule or balcony; pprovides protection w/ a means for smoke to be vented to the outside before it enters the stair enclosure
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What are open stairs?
Typically allowed only when they connect no more than 2 adjacent floors above the basement level. Can be used as means of egress in a 2 story dwelling
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2 elevator types
- Hydraulic and Electric
- Hydraulic max height used is 6 stories
- 2 types of electric- drum and traction
- drum is older and uses a drum which winds the hoist cable
- traction is most common, fast has hoist cable but not wound
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Elevator safety features(5)
- Terminal device- terminates power; stops car
- Buffers- large springs or hydraulic cylinders; act as shock absorbers
- Speed regulator switch- speed govenor
- Overspeed switch- activated if speed regulator switch fails
- Car safeties- tapered sets of steel jaws that wedge against the car on guide rails and bring car to a stop
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Elevator hoistways usually required to have ___FRR, if building has 3 or fewer elevators codes require ___ hoistways and if greater than 3 stories requires ___ hoistways
- Usually requires 1 or 2 hr rating
- 3 or fewer elevators= 1 hoistway
- 4 or more elevators= minimum of 2 hoistways
- If building has multiple hoistways up to 4 elevators may be allowed in one hoistway
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What is a blind hoistway?
On tall high rise buildings elevators have zones. Blind hoistways have elevators service top most zone
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Moving stairs/walk ways speed?
usually either 90 fpm or 120 fpm now standard is 100 fpm
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Vertical shafts/utility chases
describe: vertical shaft, utility chase, pipe chase, refuse/laundry, grease ducts
- Vertical shafts=stairwells, elevators etc...
- utility chase=contains plumbing, electrical etc...
- pipe chase= piping for hot and cold water, spinkler etc.
- refuse/laundry-
- grease ducts-
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In general a fire or smoke damper may be required whenevr a duct penetrates a fire rated assembly
NFPA 90 requires that the HVAC enclosure be a ___hr FRR for buildings less than 4 stories and ___ FRR for buildings greater than 4 stories
- 1hr less than four stories
- 2hr greater than 4 stories
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Smoke control systems are a means to control smoke thru use of mechanical fans to produce pressure differences across smoke barriers to inhibit smoke movement
2 types: automatic and manual; describe
- automatic- accomplished by smoke detectors
- manual- transfer valve to fire mode; adv eliminating system disruption due to false alarms; disadv slower response
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There are 2 methods that can be used to protect an enclosed stairway
1. smokeproof tower; describe
2. Pressurized stairwell; describe
- smokeproof stairwell- makes use of a vestibule between corridor and the stairwell that is open to the atmosphere where smoke is exhausted
- pressurized- uses a blowe or fan to provide a slightly greater pressure in the stairwell than the corridor to prvent infiltration of smoke.
- 2 types single injection and multiple injection
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What are curtain boards?
- Used in conjunction with smoke vents to increase effectiveness. Hung from ceiling. These reduce the dissipation of the heated air currents froma fire and increase speed of operation of vents
- *should not be placed further than 8x the ceiling height
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Electrical equipment
High voltage is defined as? Low voltage?
What is the FRR if a transformer room is inside the building, with autosprinklers? and without auto sprinklers?
- High voltage is greater than 600 volts; low is less than 600 volts
- FRR of transformer room without autosprinkler 3hr
- if it has automatic sprinkler 1HR FRR
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Generators are limited to how gallons of diesel?
60 gallons
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What are things classified as interior finishes?
- Exposed interior surfaces of buildings including fixed or movable walls, partitions, columns and ceilings
- * bulding codes exclude surface treatments no greater than 1/28"
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What are the class ratings of interior finishes?
- Class A 0-25= materials with this rating are required in the vertical exits of most occupancies
- Class B 26-75 Are required in corridors that provide exit access
- Class C 76-200
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Common fire retardent coatings (4)
- Intumescent paints- expand when exposed to heat to thick puffy coating
- mastics-similar to intumescent but organic materials used
- gas forming agents
- cementious and mineral fiber coatings
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Firewalls must extend beyond walls and roofs to revent padiant heat of flames. Parapet wall height must be _____
18-36 inches
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Fire partitions
- Interior walls used to subdivide a floor or area
- partitions in exit corridor may require 1HR FRR
- also 1HR FRR if separating apartment units, commonly done by use of gypsum board or each side of steel studs
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Enclosure and Shaft walls FRR?
- Stairwells in buildings 3 stories or less require 1 HR FRR
- stairwells taller than 3 stories or more require 2HR FRR
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What are curtain walls?
- serve to enclose a building when it provides no structural support. Designed to separate interior from wind, rain, and snow and rain
- Also to control heat loss, noise transmission, and solar radiation
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Fire Doors FRR? (7)
Fire door ratings are 4HR, 3HR, 1 1/2HR, 1HR, 3/4 HR, 1/2 HR, and 20 mins
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What are the classes of fire doors under the old system?(A-E)
- Class A openings in firewalls
- Class B openings in vertical shafts and openings in 2HR rated partitions
- Class C openings in between rooms and corridors FRR 1 HR or less
- Class D openings in exterior walls subject to severe fire exposure from the outside
- Class E openings in exterior walls subject to moderate fire exposure from the outiside
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Glazing and Fire Doors
Doors with up to ___HR FRR can have glass panels
Fire doors with 1, 1 1/2, and 3HR ratings ccan have glass panels up to ___
Fire doors rated at 3/4 can have a total glass area consistent with their listing but individual pieces cannot exceed _____
- 1. 3HR
- 2. 100 sq inches
- 3. 1296 sq inches
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Types of Fire doors describe
Rolling steel fire doors
Horizontal sliding doors
Swinging fire doors
Special fire doors
- Rolling steel fire doors- on overhead rolling door ordinarily closes under the force of gravity when a fusible link melts but moror driven also available
- Horizontal Sliding doors- These doors are usually held open by a fusible link and SLIDE into position along a track either by gravity or by counterweight
- Swinging fire doors- very common for stairwell enclosures and corridors; avail in ratings of 3HR to 20 mins
- Special- horizontal has been developed with motor
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Builder's hardware and fire door hardware difference?
FD assembly normally shipped with the door
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