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2 types of foundations
- Shallow and deep
- Shallow foundations frequently use footings to transfer weight to soil; wall footing defined as the part of the building that rests on the bearing soil and is wider than the foundation
- column footing-square pad of concrete that supports a column
- Deep Foundations are more costly than shallow; utilize piles and pliers
- piles- are driven into the ground and develop their load carrying ability either thru friction with surrounding soil or by being driven into contact with rock
- pliers- are constructed by first drilling or digging a shaft and filling it with concrete.
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Difference between shoring and underpinning?
Underpinning is permanent
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Solid lumber sizes for boards, dimension lumber, and timbers
- Boards have a nominal thickness of 2 inches or less
- Dimension lumber has thickness of to 2 to 4 inches or more(8 to 18ft)(roof rafters24ft)
- Timbers have a nominal thickness of 5 inches or more
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Laminated wood members are produced by joing flat strips with glue.
Beams produced like this are called?
Sizes and shapes may also be made(curves)
can be produced from __ to __ inches in depth and up to ___ft in length
- Glulam beams
- 3 to 75 inches in depth
- 100ft in length
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What are the 3 types of wood joints?
- Butt joint- not used where tensil forces are present
- Scarf Joint- scarf and finger are used where tension and tensile are present
- Finger joint
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wood panels include
- plywood-commonly 1/4" to 1 1/8' thich, 4X8 sheet
- nonveneered panels
- sandwich or composite panels
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Types of nonveneered panels
- OSB, particleboard, waferboard
- particleboard used for flooring, 8' X 40'
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Manufactored components
Trusses- light frame- 2inch nominal lumber alighned in a plane usually connected by gusset plates
heavy timber truss- are made up of members up to 8 or 10in thick
wood i-beams- frequently used for floors also rafters
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2 main ways to treat wood with fire retardent?
- surface coating
- pressure impregnation-permanent
- *all treatment decrease strength
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Chemicals used in fire retarding
AABZSB
- Ammonium Phosphate, Ammonium Sulfate
- Boric Acid, Zinc chloride
- Sodium dichromate
- Borax
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Main application of thermoplastic composite lumber
- Outside decks and railings
- maind adv is resistance to weathering
- flame spread rating 80
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Heavy Timber framing
columns not less than 8X8's and beams not less than 6X10's
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Post and Beam framing
- columns and beams greater than wood frame yet lesser than heavy timber
- posts are usually 4X4 or 6X6 and spaced 4 to 12 feet
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Light wood frame
- either Ballon Frame or Platform frame
- 2X4's or 2X8's spaced 12, 16, or 24 inches
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Brick Veneer framing
- adds little structural support
- must be tied at intervals of 16 inches
- every 6th course is a header course
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Nonreinforced masonry construction is limited to what height?
6 stories
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Mill construction
- Floors are required to be 3inch tongue and groove with 1 inch nominal tongue and groove flooring
- Roofs are required to be 2 inch tongue and groove or 1 1/8'' structural panel or planks
- non-bearing partitions and walls are required to be not less than 2 layers of 1 inch matched boards or laminated construction 4 inches thick or 1 hr FRR
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3 common types of concrete slabs
- flat slab- thickness 6" to 12"
- slab and beam
- waffle construction
- solid slabs are short spans, up to 30ft
- tee slabs are up to 120ft
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