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Intelligence
Cognitive process
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Cognition
diversified process whereby individual acquires and applies knowledge
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Spearmean's Approach
- Existance of general factor of intelligence/ central function
- Set of positive correalations among performance
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Thurstone's Approach
- Proposed existance of not one but three intellectual skills
- Verbal
- Mathematical
- Spatial
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Sternberg's Approach
- Multidimensional structure of intelligence. Three fundamental aspects of intelligence
- Analytical
- Creative
- Practical
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Gardner's Approach
Special kinds of musical, bodily, and personal intelligence
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Psychometric Approach
- Intelligence can receive a numerical value
- Debates about validity of measures and interpretation of intelligence scores
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Cross cultural research shows that intelligence is understood ________ in various cultural context
Cros cultural research shows that intelligence is understood differently in various cultural context
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African Americans score ____% lower on standardized intelligence test
15%
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People develop different cognitive skills and acquire dissimilar ways of thinking and learning that are useful for their environment
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Nativist View
Cognitive phenomena are inborn, biologically programmed
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Monozygotic twin IQ correlation _____
0.9
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Correlation of IQ with two biologically unrelated individuals is _______
0.2
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Cross cultural psychologists examine how particular ___________conditions affect human physiology and influences mental conditions
environmental condition
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Human intellectual skills can be influenced by ___________________
external environmental conditions
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_______can increase IQ scores
Training
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Exposure to stereotypesm negative attitudes about testing, and feelings of hopelessness can ______ test scores
lower
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________ factors can affect even higher cognitive functions such as planning abilities
Environmental
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Intelligence scores are __________correlated with socioeconomic state of individual
positively
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________________ were more likely to provide a better material environment for a child to develop
Affulent and educated families
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Studies show intelligence scores _________as function of birth order
Decline
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___________families tend to achieve higher IQ scores than children from __________families
Smaller/larger
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Field Dependent
learners are more attentive to external references, contexts, and instructions in their learning tasks
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Field independent
learners tend to be autonomous in learning, solving problems, and making decisions
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In individulaist culture, more ________than colectivist
field independent
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____, _____, and ______ affect what we remember
Cultural, social, and educational experiences
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Formal reasoning
basic cognitive operation based on abstract analysis of given premises and deriving a conclusion from them
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Creativity
originality or the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way
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Two different cognitive approaches: _________ process and ___________ process
generative and exploratory
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_______ help to coordinate our social behavior, learned routines can limit creative responses
Routines
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Immigrant minorities
voluntarily in ssearch of better conditions and oppurtunities
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Caste minorities
brought to US through slavery or forced colonization
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William James Theory
emotion is embedded into bodily experience
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Cannon and Bard Theory of Emotion
various life situations simultaneously elicit both emotional experience and bodily responses
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Schachter and Singer Theory
- Two crucial elements in emotional experience
- emphasized physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation
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Darwin's proposition
if you understand what other people feel by judging emotional expression and if they can judge your emotions correctly, then human feelings are universal
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______ is universally understood sign of happiness
Smiling
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Human emotions vary because _____________
they are based on different experiences that are related to the culture which they originate
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Culture varies in the ______ and _______ of common emotional reactions
frequency and significance
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Men have higher __________ than women
lethality
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Amygdala
serves as brain's emotional center
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Hypothalamus
activates significance of the stimulus
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Right hemisphere
responsible for facial displays of emotion
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Pleasant emotions are associated with activation of the ____________
left frontal cortex
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Unpleasant emotions are mostly associated with activation of ___________
right frontal cortex
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Different emotions produce different_____
Physiological variables
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Cultural norms and rules _______ the evaluations of emotions
regulate
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_________ refer to particular cultural rules about how to feel in particular situations
Feeling rules
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Individualistic cultures are more emotionally concerned with _______
one's self
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The way people evaluate stress can be _________ but also be dependent on individual traits
culturally determined
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Display rules
rules of emotional expression, which is acquired primarily during socialization
Different in each culture
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Two criteria for assessment of emotional expression
frequency and intensity
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Cultural variations in display of ______
sadness
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Anger
emotion aroused by one's perception of being interfered with or threatened
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_____ was most most common reaction to sadness, disgust, shame, and guilt
Withdrawl
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Motivation
internal conditions that iniates, activates, or maintains the individual goal-directed behaviors
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Drive
internal aroused condition that directs organism to satisfy some physiological need
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Need
Motivated state caused by physiological or psychological deprivation
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Biological need
Universal needs, directed toward self- preservation
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Social need
establish relationships
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