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Background of the Religious Wars (1559-1648)
- Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1519-1559) settled by Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559)
- marriage of Elizabeth Valois (Henry II's daughter) and Phillip II of Spain (Charles V's son)
- these wars=more political motivation than religious (France and H.R.E=Catholic)
- Battle of Pavia: battle of Italian Wars involving Hapsburg and Valois French troops
- France prevented H.R.E from dominating Germany; unintentionally helped spread of Lutheranism
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Religious Wars Begin
- Wars fought mostly over relgious issues from 1560-1648
- Spain continues its Inquisition policy; stops Protestants in Western Europe and Muslims in Mediterranean
- French Catholics try to stop Huguenots
- H.R.E tries to impose Catholicism in German city-states (Spain is involved)
- Calvinist Netherlands tries to break free from Hapsburg (Catholic) control (Spain is involved)
- English civil wars b/w Puritans and Anglicans
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French Civil Wars
- Henry II dies in 1559; Catherine de' Medici (Catherine Valois) controls her sons as they rule France
- main goal=maintain family monarchy
- 2nd goal=keep France Catholic against 50% of Calvinist nobles
- open warfare b/w Catholics and Huguenots breaks out (1562)
- Catholics led by Guise (Henry Guise); Huguenots led by Bourbon and Montmorency-Chantillon families (Calvinists)
- Peace of Saint-Germain: tried to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots; marriage of Margaret of Valois (Catherine's daughter) to Henry of Navarre (Protestant Huguenot)
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Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)
- French King, Charles IX commissions assassination of top Huguenots days after his sister's wedding
- feared for his life; his friend/mentor, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny (Montmorency-Chantillion family) killed
- Mob of Catholics go on killing spree after Charles' order
- 20,000 Huguenots killed in 3 days
- Massacre initiates War of Three Henrys: civil wars b/w Bourbons (Henry of Navarre), Valois (Henry III), and Guise (Henry Guise) family; Bourbons didn't trust Valois b/c of Peace of Saint-Germain
- Charles IX succeeded by his brother, Henry III
- Huguenots declare themselves independent from the crown
- King Henry III negotiates peace where Huguenots can practice freely outside of Paris
- Navarre accepts; Guise does not; forms Catholic League to drive Protestants out of France
- Guise's army fores Henry III to flee Paris (1558); Henry III has Guise assassinated
- Henry III stabbed to death by angry Catholic monk at Palace of Saint-Cloud (1589)
- Navarre becomes Henry IV
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Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) 1553-1610
- first Bourbon king
- rise to power ended French Civil Wars
- places France on the path to absolutism
- politique (like Elizabeth-most successful monarch)
- converted to Catholicism to gain support of Paris; privately remained Calvinist
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Edict of Nantes (1598)
- Henry IV grants degree of toleration to Huguenots
- permits Calvinist Huguenots to worship privately
- Huguenots not allowed to worship in Paris
- gave Huguenots access to universities, public office positions, right to fortify towns
- Edict=truce and not recognition of religious tolerance
- grants Huguenots more protection than any other religious minority throughout Europe
- second marriage to Marie de' Medici; marriage to Margaret Valois is annulled
- Henry Navarre murdered by Francois Ravaillac
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Spain's Crusade
- Philip II (like his father, Charles V) seeks to re-impose Catholicism throughout Europe; the "Most Catholic King"
- Spain enters its Golden Age under his reign; builds the Escorial (new royal palace); continues inquisition policy
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Baroque Style
- artistic era from 1600-1750
- characterized by dramatic and theatrical sculptures and paintings
- associated with religious tensions within Western Christianity
- used by Catholics to regain support for Catholicism (not in Protestant churches; art=distraction)
- Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Saint Peter's Baldacchino (1623-1634); Truth (thorn in foot-England); The Ecstasy of St. Teresa (1647-1652)
- Caravagio: Rest on the Flight to Egypt; Calling of St. Matthew; Judith Beheading Holofernes
- Rembrandt: artist in the Netherlands; the Blinding of Sampson; Abraham & Isaac (1634); Night Watch (1642)
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Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands/ Revolt of the 17 Provinces (80 Years' War/ Dutch War of Independence) 1568-1648
- resentment of foreign rule and anger over high industry and trade taxes leads to discontent and rebellion in the Netherlands
- Margaret of Parma and Cardinal Granvelle ruled Netherlands; imposed Inquisition; start of religious issues
- Philip II of Spain tries to crush the rise of Protestantism (namely Calvinism)
- William I (William of Orange/William the Silent; Northern Stadtholder; orders people to destroy Catholic churches; 1533-1584) leads the Union of Utrectht against the Spanish Inquisition, the Duke of Alba (Fernando Alvarez), and 10,000 Spanish Imperial troops
- William is defeated; Alba rules most of the Netherlands with his "Council of Blood" (Regin of the Duke of Alba/ Philip's reaction to rebellion) as William continues to lead small rebellions until he is assassinated in 1580 (aka the Pacification of Ghent)
- Pacification of Ghent: brief union b/w Spanish Netherlands' Catholic territories and Spanish Netherlands' Protestant territories to expel mutinous Spanish troops (not paid)
- United Provinces of the Netherlands forms in 1581 to continue the fight against Spain
- Northern states receive aid from Elizabeth I (hates Council of Blood; scared of Spanish troops invading England)
- United Provinces declare the Oath of Abjuration; independence from Philip II
- South remains Catholic; Spanish Netherlands; 10 Southern provinces=modern day Belgium; Amsterdam becomes major commercial center as Philip closes the Scheldt Rier and ruins the commercial city of Antwerp; Dutch Republic signs 12-year truce w/ Spain (marking 1st successful bourgeois-upper middle class- revolution in history); Council of Blood is restored after William the Silent is assassinated
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Spain wages war against the Turks in the Mediterranean
- Battle of Lepanto (1571): Spain defeats Turks and ends Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean
- Spain becomes dominant on Mediterranean
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Reasons why Philip II hated Elizabeth I
- Elizabeth settlement: Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity; tried to settle disputes of religion; example of politique
- Helped Dutch revolution
- Refused Philip II's marriage proposal
- Kills Catholic Mary Queen of Scots
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Spain vs. England
- Mary Tudor (1st wife of Philip II) tried to re-impose Catholicism in England; failed and Elizabeth reversed her course with the Elizabethan Settlement
- Elizabeth helps the Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain
- Philip sought revenge for England's support for the Dutch/ hoped to make England Catholic again; also upset about the execution of Mary Queen of Scots (1587); planned an invasion of England in 1588
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Spanish Armada
- Spain's planned invasion=disaster
- supported by Pope Sixtus V
- terrible storm/small but efficient English navy defeats the Spanish fleet (1/3 of navy is gone)
- begins England's naval dominance and world power status
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Price Revolution
- combination of inflation and higher population
- glut of precious metal from the Americas is spent on Spain's military establishment; quickens inflation throughout Europe
- Spaniards left w/o sufficient bullion (precious metals)
- to pay debts; caused Spaninsh goods to become too overpriced to compete in international markets
- Higher population + Inflation = Less food and Fewer Jobs
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Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
- Background: Failure of the Peace of Augsburg (signed in 1555); truce lasts 60 years
- Germany is still half Protestant and half Catholic; several autonomous city states have their own militaries, taxes, and currency
- Frederic IV Elector of Palatine becomes Calvinist and aligns with England, the Netherlands, and France against Spain (1609); creates Protestant Union (military union of Protestant German city states); Maximilian (Duke of Bavaria) forms a Catholic League in response
- France (Catholic), England (Anglican), Sweden (Protestant), Saxony (Protestant), Palatine (Protestant), Ottoman Turks VS. Habsburg (Catholic), Spain (Catholic), Bavaria (Catholic), Austria (Catholic), Hungary (Catholic) and the Catholic League
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The Bohemian Phase
- Calvinists are upset by the new HRE, Ferdinand II; he places restrictions on Protestants
- Defenestration of Prague: 2 HRE officials are thrown out of a window (1618)
- Ferdinand II annihilates Calvinist nobility in Bohemia and extends control into Palatinate
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The Danish Phase
- Danish=Denmark
- Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583-1634) is hired by Ferdinand to combat Protestant armies; intimidated anyone that wasn't Catholic; mercenary
- Edict of Restitution: Ferdinand II declares al Church lands that had converted to some form of Protestantism be restored to Roman Catholic (HRE is now all Catholic); accomplishes what Charles V wasn't able to do
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The Swedish Phase
- Protestants fight to get back territory lost in Danish Phase
- Gustavus Adolphus (Lutheran King of Sweden) leads his army to push Catholic forces back to Bohemia; Ferdinand II loses N. Protestant lands
- Battle of Breitenfeld (1631): ends Habsburg hopes of reuniting Germany under Catholicism
- Battle of Lutzen (1632)
- Peace of Prague (1635): HRE, in response to battles, reluctantly annuls the Edict of Restitution in N. German states
- Spanish Golden Age ended early 17th century; caused their own destruction
- French Golden Age begins soon afterwards
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French Phase (International Phase)
- Cardinal Richelieu: Chief Minister of France under King Louis XIII defeats Huguenot resistance; punishes nobles who plot against the king; replaces his enemies within the government (1624-1642)
- Reason of State: government/ruler's needs take priority; reason why Richelieu puts politics before religion
- aligns France with Protestant forces in Germany to defeat the HRE (same thing happened during Habsburg-Valois wars)
- HRE signs the Treaty of Westphalia (1648); ends Catholic reformation in Germany; renews the Peace of Augsburg (recognizes Calvinists); HRE begins ts dissolution (more city states formed) Netherlands and Switzerland become independent nations (along w/ over 300 other city states); Edict of Restitution is removed; France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia) absorb some of these territories; Habsburg Dynasty is weakened
- France and Spain are still at war after the Treaty is signed
- Treaty of Pyrenees (1659): France gets parts of Spanish Netherlands and parts of N. Spain; Spain cannot do anything because their power is weaker than Spain's; Spanish king Philip IV agrees to marry his daughter to Louis XIII's son
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Louis XIII
- son of Henry Navarre and Marie de' Medici
- Cardinal Richelieu makes all of the decisions for Louis
- Red Eminence (Richelieu) and the Grey Eminence (Francois Leclerc du Tremblay)
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Results of the Thirty Years' War
- Ends the religious wars in German territories
- HRE is physically devastated (in terms of population-1/3 dies) and further divided; Habsburgs suffer a further decrease in their power
- Frane begins position as the dominant European power; accelerated the continued rise of England and the Netherlands
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