MUSC 136 Exam 2

the set order of religious services and the structure of each service, within a particular denomination

the set order of religious services and the structure of each service, within a particular denomination

• The group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250
• motets

the set order of religious services and the structure of each service, within a particular denomination

Choral music performed without instrumental accompaniment

Vocal style established in the Baroque, with a solo singer and instrumental accompaniment

Italian for "continuous bass"; also refers to performance group with a bass, chordal instrument, and one bass melody instrument

A repeating melody, usually in the bass, throughout a vocal or instrumental composition

the process of changing from one key to another

short, recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and the Baroque concerto

the art of combining in a single texture two or more melodic lines

Polyphonic form popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint

Male singer who was castrated during boyhood to preserve the soprano or alto vocal register, prominent in 17th and 18th century opera

• 18th century
• contrast between rational, scientific knowledge and expressive, emotional reactions

"Storm and stress"; late eighteenth-century movement in Germany toward more emotional expression in the arts

sponsorship of an artist or a musician, historically by a member of the wealthy or ruling class

Classical instrumental genre that combines elements of chamber music and symphony, often performed in the evening or at social function

Tragic Italian opera

Cycle of daily services of the Roman Catholic Church

Male voice of high range. Also a part, often structural, in polyphony

• a class of musicians who wandered among the courts and towns
• lower class who played instruments, sang danced, juggled, and presented tricks and entertainment

French monophonic or polyphonic song, especially of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, set to either courtly or popular poetry

"Fixed melody," usually of very long notes, often based on a fragment of Gregorian chant that served as the structural basis for a polyphonic composition, particularly in the Renaissance

• transition form Renaissance to Baroque
• creators of monody

Solo vocal declamation that follows the inflections of the text, often resulting in a disjunct vocal style; found in opera, cantata, and oratorio. Can be secco or accompagnato

A short, melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout a work or a section of one

Musical pictorialization of words from the text as an expressive device; a prominent feature of the Renaissance madrigal

An introductory movement, as in an opera or oratorio, often presenting melodies from arias to come. Also an orchestral work for concert performance

Melodic idea presented in one voice and then restated in another, each part continuing as others enter

Type of polyphonic composition in which one musical line strictly imitates another at a fixed distance throughout

Resting place in a musical phrase; music punctuation

A term from the visual arts that is frequently applied to 18th-century French music, characterized by simplicity, grace, and delicate ornamentation

Title given to the three prominent composers of the Classical era; Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven

Ensemble music for up to about 10 players, with one player to a part

Baroque overture consisting of three sections: fast-slow-fast

Italian comic opera, sung throughout

Sections of the Roman Catholic Mass that vary from day to day throughout the church year according to the particular liturgical occasion, as distinct from the Ordinary, in which they remain the same

Central Service of the Roman Catholic Church

Fixed rhythmic patterns of long and short notes, popular in the 13th-century

Medieval poet-musicians in southern France

(bas) indoor instruments of the Medieval period

(haut) outdoor instruments of the Medieval period

Scale or sequence of notes used as the basis for a composition; major and minor are modes

Baroque practice consisting of an independent bass line that often includes numerals indicating the harmony to be supplied by he performer

Lyric song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, generally expressing intense emotion; found in opera, cantata, and oratorio

Principle of organization around a tonic, or home, pitch, based on a major or minor scale

Tuning system based on the division of the octave into 12 equal half steps; the system used today

Congregational hymn of the German Lutheran church

Interlude or intermediate section in the Baroque fugue that serves as an area of relaxation between statements of the subject

A three or four movement structure used in Classical-era instrumental music - especially the symphony, sonata, concerto - and in chamber music; each movement is in a prescribed tempo and form; sometimes called sonata cycle

German "sensitive" style of the mid-18th-century, characterized by melodic directness and homophonic texture

Musical expansion of a theme by varying its melodic outline, harmony, or rhythm. Also, thematic transformation

Classical instrumental genre for chamber ensemble or soloist, often performed as light entertainment.

Music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program. Also pure music.

Comic German drama with spoken dialogue; the immediate predecessor of Romantic German opera

Medieval poet-musicians in northern France

Earliest kind of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of adding voices above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to it at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely.

Polyphonic vocal genre, secular in the Middle Ages but sacred or devotional thereafter.

Large-scale dramatic genre originating in the Baroque, based on a text of religious or serious character, performed by solo voices, chorus, and orchestra; similar to opera but without scenery, costumes, or action.

Music drama that is generally sung throughout, combining the resources of vocal and instrumental music with poetry and drama, acting and pantomime, scenery and costumes.

Renaissance secular work originating in Italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to a short, lyric love poem; also popular in England.

Instrumental genre in several movements for soloist or small ensemble.

The string quartet was one of the most common chamber ensembles. Its makeup is two violins, viola, and cello. Here, the first violin has the melody and the other three instruments provide accompaniment. Example: Haydn, String Quartet, Op. 76, No. 2, fourth movement

Large work for orchestra, generally in three or four movements.

Multimovement work made up of a series of contrasting dance movements, generally all in the same key. Also partita and ordre.

Monophonic melody with a freely flowing, unmeasured vocal line; liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church. Also plainchant or plainsong.

Baroque concerto type based on the opposition between a small group of solo instruments (the concertino) and orchestra (the ripieno).

Vocal genre for solo singers, chorus, and instrumentalists based on a lyric or dramatic poetic narrative. It generally consists of several movements including recitatives, arias, and ensemble numbers.

Lyric song in ternary, or A-B-A, form, commonly found in operas, cantatas, and oratorios.

• Polyphonic form popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint. A fugue is a complex composition in which the theme (called the subject) is developed by imitative counterpoint. In this example, the first imitation of the subject is heard overlapping the initial idea

Compositional form with two sections, in which the second ends with a return to material from the first; each section is usually repeated.

A moderate triple-meter dance form with two main sections (minuet = A, trio = B) that often occurs as the third movement of a symphony.

Structural reshaping of thematic material. Second section of sonata-allegro form; it moves through a series of foreign keys while themes from the exposition are manipulated.

In the concerto, twofold statement of the themes, once by the orchestra and once by the soloist.

Three-part (A-B-A) form based on a statement (A), contrast or departure (B), and repetition (A), Also three-part form.

A short recurring passage that unifies an instrumental or vocal work

The opening movement of the sonata cycle, consisting of themes that are stated in the first section (exposition), developed in the second section (development), and restated in the third section (recapitulation). Also sonata form or first-movement form.

Third section of sonata-allegro form, in which the thematic material of the exposition is restated, generally in the tonic. Also restatement.

Compositional procedure in which a theme is stated and then altered in successive statements; occurs as an independent piece or as a movement of a sonata cycle.

Composition in A-B-A form, usually in triple meter; replaced the minuet and trio in the nineteenth century.

Two-part (A-B) form is based on statement and departure. Also two-part form.

Opening section. In the fugue, the first section in which the voices enter in turn with the subject. In sonata-allegro form, the first section in which the major thematic material is stated. Also statement.

The last part of a piece, usually added to a standard form to bring it to a close.

Musical form in which the first section recurs, usually in the tonic. In the Classical sonata cycle, it appears as the last movement in various forms, including A-B-A-B-A, A-B-A-C-A, and A-B-A-C-A-B-A.

• Germany
• Period: Medieval
• Genre: Gregorian Plainchant
• monophonic music

• France
• Period: Medieval
• Genre: Ars Nova tradition - chanson
• monophonic and polyphonic music

• France
• Period: High Renaissance
• Genre: Sacred Music - esp motet

• Italy
• Period: Late Renaissance
• Genre: Sacred Music, Mass (Gloria)

• Germany
• Period: Baroque
• Genre: cantata (composer and organist)

• born in Germany, English composer
• Period: Baroque
• Genre: composed in all genres but remembered most for his operas and oratorios
• da capo aria

• Italy
• Period: Baroque
• Genre: instrumental music and opera
• important in the development of the concerto
• transitioned from Baroque into Classical

• Italy
• Period: Baroque
• Genre: opera

• English
• Period: Baroque
• Genre: Opera Dido and Aeneas

• Austria
• Period: Classical
• Genre: master of all but known for opera especially

• Germany
• Period: Classical to Romantic
• Genre: symphony and piano sonata

• Austria
• Period: Classical
• Genre: symphonies

• 476-1450
• Gregorian chant - monophonic, nonmetric melodies set in a church mode/scale
• chants are either syllabic, neumatic, or melismatic
• secular music was performed by troubadours (love/chivalry)

• 1450-1600
• SACRED MUSIC
• motet - sacred genre with a Latin devotional text
• polyphonic genre
• SECULAR MUSIC
• dance music
• chansons and madrigals - aristocratic form of poetry and music that flourished in Italian courts

• 1600-1750
• texture changed to monody (one song)
• rhythm, melody, dissonance, and less dynamic/dramatic
• opera (Purcell)
• oratorio (Handel) cantatas (Vivaldi) and chorales (Bach)
• conertos (Bach)

• 1750-1825
• Viennese school - Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, and Schubert
• elegant, lyrical melodies
• diatonic melodies
• homophonic texture

• solemn; very very slow
• broad; very slow
• quiet slow
• walking pace
• moderate
• fast; cheerful
• lively
• very fast
• getting faster
• getting slower
• returning to original pace

• very soft
• soft
• moderately soft
• moderately loud
• loud
• very loud
• growing louder
• growing softer

• a capella
• madrigal

• string quartet
• sonata
• quintet(s)

• Orchestra
• Concert, Jazz, and Rock Bands

• String: violin, viola, cello, double bass
• Woodwind: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, sax
• Brass: trumpet, trombone, tuba
• Percussion: drums, xylophone, tambourine, cymbals
• Keyboard: piano, organ, harpsichord

• from highest to lowest
• Male: tenor, baritone, bass
• Female: soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto

I, IV, and V

• sonata typically consists of 3 movements
• In duo sonatas, the piano and solo instrument were often treated as equals
• Conerto's typical scheme: fast-slow-fast
• emotional restraint
• Aristocratic audiences
• a preference for absolute forms
• diatonic harmony
• symmetrical, balanced phrases

• string quartet: 2 violins, a viola, a cello
• ensemble music for up to 10 players with 1 player to a part

• 4 movement structure
• 1. Fast
• 2. Slow
• 3. Moderate dance
• 4. Fast

• Hildegard von Bingen
• plainchant
• Medieval

• Guillaume de Machaut
• Medieval
• polyphonic chanson

• Josquin Desprez
• Renaissance
• 4-voice motet

• Palestrina
• Renaissance
• Mass; Gloria

• Susato
• Renaissance
• Ronde dance in duple meter

• Farmer
• Renaissance
• English madrigal

• Purcell
• Baroque
• Opera

• Handel
• Baroque
• Oratorio

• Bach
• Baroque
• 8 movements for chorus, soloists, and orchestra

• Vivaldi
• Baroque
• Concerto

• Handel
• Baroque
• Dance suite

• Bach
• Baroque
• Fugue

• Mozart
• Classical
• String quartet - i.e. chamber orchestra

• Haydn
• Classical
• Orchestra

• Beethoven
• Classical
• Symphony

• Haydn
• Classical
• Concerto

• Beethoven
• Classical
• Piano Sonata

• Mozart
• Classical
• Opera buffa