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Liturgy
the set order of religious services and the structure of each service, within a particular denomination
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Polyphony
the set order of religious services and the structure of each service, within a particular denomination
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Notre Dame school
- The group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250
- motets
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Ars Nova
the set order of religious services and the structure of each service, within a particular denomination
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A capella
Choral music performed without instrumental accompaniment
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Monody
Vocal style established in the Baroque, with a solo singer and instrumental accompaniment
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Basso Continuo
Italian for "continuous bass"; also refers to performance group with a bass, chordal instrument, and one bass melody instrument
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Ground Bass
A repeating melody, usually in the bass, throughout a vocal or instrumental composition
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Modulation
the process of changing from one key to another
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Ritornello
short, recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and the Baroque concerto
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Counterpoint
the art of combining in a single texture two or more melodic lines
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Fugue
Polyphonic form popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint
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Castrato
Male singer who was castrated during boyhood to preserve the soprano or alto vocal register, prominent in 17th and 18th century opera
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The Age of Enlightenment
- 18th century
- contrast between rational, scientific knowledge and expressive, emotional reactions
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Sturm und Drang
"Storm and stress"; late eighteenth-century movement in Germany toward more emotional expression in the arts
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The Patronage System
sponsorship of an artist or a musician, historically by a member of the wealthy or ruling class
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Serenade
Classical instrumental genre that combines elements of chamber music and symphony, often performed in the evening or at social function
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Opera Seria
Tragic Italian opera
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Offices (the Mass)
Cycle of daily services of the Roman Catholic Church
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Tenor (in organum)
Male voice of high range. Also a part, often structural, in polyphony
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Minstrels
- a class of musicians who wandered among the courts and towns
- lower class who played instruments, sang danced, juggled, and presented tricks and entertainment
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Chanson
French monophonic or polyphonic song, especially of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, set to either courtly or popular poetry
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Cantus Firmus
"Fixed melody," usually of very long notes, often based on a fragment of Gregorian chant that served as the structural basis for a polyphonic composition, particularly in the Renaissance
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Florentine Camerata
- transition form Renaissance to Baroque
- creators of monody
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recitative
Solo vocal declamation that follows the inflections of the text, often resulting in a disjunct vocal style; found in opera, cantata, and oratorio. Can be secco or accompagnato
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Ostinato
A short, melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout a work or a section of one
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Word Painting
Musical pictorialization of words from the text as an expressive device; a prominent feature of the Renaissance madrigal
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Overture
An introductory movement, as in an opera or oratorio, often presenting melodies from arias to come. Also an orchestral work for concert performance
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Imitation
Melodic idea presented in one voice and then restated in another, each part continuing as others enter
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Canon
Type of polyphonic composition in which one musical line strictly imitates another at a fixed distance throughout
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Cadenza
Resting place in a musical phrase; music punctuation
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Rococo
A term from the visual arts that is frequently applied to 18th-century French music, characterized by simplicity, grace, and delicate ornamentation
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The Viennese School
Title given to the three prominent composers of the Classical era; Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven
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Chamber Music
Ensemble music for up to about 10 players, with one player to a part
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Italian Overture
Baroque overture consisting of three sections: fast-slow-fast
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Opera Buffa
Italian comic opera, sung throughout
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Mass Proper
Sections of the Roman Catholic Mass that vary from day to day throughout the church year according to the particular liturgical occasion, as distinct from the Ordinary, in which they remain the same
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Ordinary Mass
Central Service of the Roman Catholic Church
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Rhythmic Mode
Fixed rhythmic patterns of long and short notes, popular in the 13th-century
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Troubadour
Medieval poet-musicians in southern France
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Soft instruments
(bas) indoor instruments of the Medieval period
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Loud instruments
(haut) outdoor instruments of the Medieval period
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Mode
Scale or sequence of notes used as the basis for a composition; major and minor are modes
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Figured Bass
Baroque practice consisting of an independent bass line that often includes numerals indicating the harmony to be supplied by he performer
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Aria
Lyric song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, generally expressing intense emotion; found in opera, cantata, and oratorio
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Major-minor Tonality
Principle of organization around a tonic, or home, pitch, based on a major or minor scale
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Equal-Temperament
Tuning system based on the division of the octave into 12 equal half steps; the system used today
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Chorale
Congregational hymn of the German Lutheran church
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Episode (in a Fugue)
Interlude or intermediate section in the Baroque fugue that serves as an area of relaxation between statements of the subject
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Multi-movement Cycle
A three or four movement structure used in Classical-era instrumental music - especially the symphony, sonata, concerto - and in chamber music; each movement is in a prescribed tempo and form; sometimes called sonata cycle
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Empfindsamkeit
German "sensitive" style of the mid-18th-century, characterized by melodic directness and homophonic texture
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Thematic Development
Musical expansion of a theme by varying its melodic outline, harmony, or rhythm. Also, thematic transformation
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Divertimento
Classical instrumental genre for chamber ensemble or soloist, often performed as light entertainment.
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Absolute Music
Music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program. Also pure music.
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Singspiel
Comic German drama with spoken dialogue; the immediate predecessor of Romantic German opera
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Trouvere
Medieval poet-musicians in northern France
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Organum
Earliest kind of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of adding voices above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to it at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely.
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Motet
Polyphonic vocal genre, secular in the Middle Ages but sacred or devotional thereafter.
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Oratorio
Large-scale dramatic genre originating in the Baroque, based on a text of religious or serious character, performed by solo voices, chorus, and orchestra; similar to opera but without scenery, costumes, or action.
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Opera
Music drama that is generally sung throughout, combining the resources of vocal and instrumental music with poetry and drama, acting and pantomime, scenery and costumes.
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Madrigal
Renaissance secular work originating in Italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to a short, lyric love poem; also popular in England.
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Sonata
Instrumental genre in several movements for soloist or small ensemble.
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String Quartet
The string quartet was one of the most common chamber ensembles. Its makeup is two violins, viola, and cello. Here, the first violin has the melody and the other three instruments provide accompaniment. Example: Haydn, String Quartet, Op. 76, No. 2, fourth movement
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Symphony
Large work for orchestra, generally in three or four movements.
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Suite
Multimovement work made up of a series of contrasting dance movements, generally all in the same key. Also partita and ordre.
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Gregorian Chant
Monophonic melody with a freely flowing, unmeasured vocal line; liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church. Also plainchant or plainsong.
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Concerto grosso
Baroque concerto type based on the opposition between a small group of solo instruments (the concertino) and orchestra (the ripieno).
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Cantata
Vocal genre for solo singers, chorus, and instrumentalists based on a lyric or dramatic poetic narrative. It generally consists of several movements including recitatives, arias, and ensemble numbers.
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Da capo aria
Lyric song in ternary, or A-B-A, form, commonly found in operas, cantatas, and oratorios.
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Fugue
- Polyphonic form popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint. A fugue is a complex composition in which the theme (called the subject) is developed by imitative counterpoint. In this example, the first imitation of the subject is heard overlapping the initial idea
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Rounded Binary
Compositional form with two sections, in which the second ends with a return to material from the first; each section is usually repeated.
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Minuet and Trio
A moderate triple-meter dance form with two main sections (minuet = A, trio = B) that often occurs as the third movement of a symphony.
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Development
Structural reshaping of thematic material. Second section of sonata-allegro form; it moves through a series of foreign keys while themes from the exposition are manipulated.
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Double Exposition
In the concerto, twofold statement of the themes, once by the orchestra and once by the soloist.
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Ternary Form
Three-part (A-B-A) form based on a statement (A), contrast or departure (B), and repetition (A), Also three-part form.
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Ritornello Form
A short recurring passage that unifies an instrumental or vocal work
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Sonata-allegro Form
The opening movement of the sonata cycle, consisting of themes that are stated in the first section (exposition), developed in the second section (development), and restated in the third section (recapitulation). Also sonata form or first-movement form.
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Recapitulation
Third section of sonata-allegro form, in which the thematic material of the exposition is restated, generally in the tonic. Also restatement.
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Theme and Variation
Compositional procedure in which a theme is stated and then altered in successive statements; occurs as an independent piece or as a movement of a sonata cycle.
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Scherzo
Composition in A-B-A form, usually in triple meter; replaced the minuet and trio in the nineteenth century.
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Binary Form
Two-part (A-B) form is based on statement and departure. Also two-part form.
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Exposition
Opening section. In the fugue, the first section in which the voices enter in turn with the subject. In sonata-allegro form, the first section in which the major thematic material is stated. Also statement.
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Coda
The last part of a piece, usually added to a standard form to bring it to a close.
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Rondo
Musical form in which the first section recurs, usually in the tonic. In the Classical sonata cycle, it appears as the last movement in various forms, including A-B-A-B-A, A-B-A-C-A, and A-B-A-C-A-B-A.
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Hildegard von Bingen
- Germany
- Period: Medieval
- Genre: Gregorian Plainchant
- monophonic music
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Guillaume de Machaut
- France
- Period: Medieval
- Genre: Ars Nova tradition - chanson
- monophonic and polyphonic music
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Josquin Desprez
- France
- Period: High Renaissance
- Genre: Sacred Music - esp motet
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Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
- Italy
- Period: Late Renaissance
- Genre: Sacred Music, Mass (Gloria)
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J.S. Bach
- Germany
- Period: Baroque
- Genre: cantata (composer and organist)
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G.F. Handel
- born in Germany, English composer
- Period: Baroque
- Genre: composed in all genres but remembered most for his operas and oratorios
- da capo aria
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Antonio Vivaldi
- Italy
- Period: Baroque
- Genre: instrumental music and opera
- important in the development of the concerto
- transitioned from Baroque into Classical
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Claudio Monteverdi
- Italy
- Period: Baroque
- Genre: opera
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Henry Purcell
- English
- Period: Baroque
- Genre: Opera Dido and Aeneas
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Austria
- Period: Classical
- Genre: master of all but known for opera especially
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Ludwig van Beethoven
- Germany
- Period: Classical to Romantic
- Genre: symphony and piano sonata
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Joseph Haydn
- Austria
- Period: Classical
- Genre: symphonies
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Medieval Music
- 476-1450
- Gregorian chant - monophonic, nonmetric melodies set in a church mode/scale
- chants are either syllabic, neumatic, or melismatic
- secular music was performed by troubadours (love/chivalry)
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Renaissance
- 1450-1600
- SACRED MUSIC
- motet - sacred genre with a Latin devotional text
- polyphonic genre
- SECULAR MUSIC
- dance music
- chansons and madrigals - aristocratic form of poetry and music that flourished in Italian courts
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Baroque
- 1600-1750
- texture changed to monody (one song)
- rhythm, melody, dissonance, and less dynamic/dramatic
- opera (Purcell)
- oratorio (Handel) cantatas (Vivaldi) and chorales (Bach)
- conertos (Bach)
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Classical
- 1750-1825
- Viennese school - Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, and Schubert
- elegant, lyrical melodies
- diatonic melodies
- homophonic texture
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Tempo
grave
largo
adagio
adante
moderato
allegro
vivace
presto
accelerando
ritardando
a tempo
- solemn; very very slow
- broad; very slow
- quiet slow
- walking pace
- moderate
- fast; cheerful
- lively
- very fast
- getting faster
- getting slower
- returning to original pace
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Dynamics
pianissimo (pp)
piano (p)
mezzo piano (mp)
messo forte (mf)
forte (f)
fortissimo (ff)
crescendo
de crescendo
- very soft
- soft
- moderately soft
- moderately loud
- loud
- very loud
- growing louder
- growing softer
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Types of Ensembles - Choral Groups
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Types of Ensembles - Instrumental Chamber Ensembles
- string quartet
- sonata
- quintet(s)
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Types of Ensembles
- Orchestra
- Concert, Jazz, and Rock Bands
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Instrumental Families
- String: violin, viola, cello, double bass
- Woodwind: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, sax
- Brass: trumpet, trombone, tuba
- Percussion: drums, xylophone, tambourine, cymbals
- Keyboard: piano, organ, harpsichord
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Standard Vocal Ranges
- from highest to lowest
- Male: tenor, baritone, bass
- Female: soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto
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3 Most Important Triads in Diatonic Harmony
I, IV, and V
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Elements of Classical Style
- sonata typically consists of 3 movements
- In duo sonatas, the piano and solo instrument were often treated as equals
- Conerto's typical scheme: fast-slow-fast
- emotional restraint
- Aristocratic audiences
- a preference for absolute forms
- diatonic harmony
- symmetrical, balanced phrases
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18th-Century Chamber Music Style
- string quartet: 2 violins, a viola, a cello
- ensemble music for up to 10 players with 1 player to a part
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Classical Orchestra (Symphony)
- 4 movement structure
- 1. Fast
- 2. Slow
- 3. Moderate dance
- 4. Fast
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Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
- Hildegard von Bingen
- plainchant
- Medieval
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Puis qu'en oubli
- Guillaume de Machaut
- Medieval
- polyphonic chanson
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Ave Maria... virgo serena
- Josquin Desprez
- Renaissance
- 4-voice motet
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Gloria from Missa Papae Marcelli
- Palestrina
- Renaissance
- Mass; Gloria
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Three Dances
- Susato
- Renaissance
- Ronde dance in duple meter
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Fair Phyllis
- Farmer
- Renaissance
- English madrigal
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Dido's Lament aria When I am Laid to Rest
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A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
- Bach
- Baroque
- 8 movements for chorus, soloists, and orchestra
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Spring, movement 1, from The Four Seasons
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Contrapunctus 1, from The Art of Fugue
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Eine kleine Nachtmusic, K. 525
- Mozart
- Classical
- String quartet - i.e. chamber orchestra
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Symphony No. 94 in G major Surprise
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Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67. First Movement
- Beethoven
- Classical
- Symphony
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Trumpet Concerto in E-flat major, Third Movement
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Piano Sonata in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No 2 Moonlight, First Movement
- Beethoven
- Classical
- Piano Sonata
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The Marriage of Figaro (Le nozze di Figaro) Act I, Scenes 6 and 7
- Mozart
- Classical
- Opera buffa
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