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ABCDE of Melanoma detection
Asymmetry; Border irregularity, Color, Diameter of more than 6 mm; Evolution of lesion over time.
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Glands in the axillae and genital area that open into hair follicles and become activated at puberty. They secrete a thick, milky sweat into hair follicles that, once mixed with bacterial skin flora, produce a characteristic musky odor.
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Brawny skin
skin that is dark and leathery
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Bulla
fluid-filled lesion greater than 1 cm in circumference
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Cafe-au-lait macules
flat pigmented skin lesions
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Clubbing of the nails
finding in the nails that indicated chronic hypoxia.
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Crust
dried secretions from a primary skin lesion
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Cyanosis
gray or blue skin color, indicating lack of oxygen.
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Dermis
the second layer of the skin, which acts to support the epidermis. Also supports nutritional needs.
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Dysplastic nevus
an atypical mole
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Ecchymosis
bruise or bruising
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Eccrine glands
Glands that cover most of the body, with the exception of the nail beds, lip margins, glans penis, and labia minora. They are most numerous on the palms and soles, open directly on the skin surface, and secrete a weak saline solution (sweat) in response to environmental or psychological stimuli.
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Epidermis
outermost layer of the skin; 1st line of defense
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Erosion
loss of the epidermis, usually not extending into the dermis or subcutaneous layer.
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Excoriation
lesion resulting from scratching or excessive rubbing of the skin or a discrete lesion.
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Fissure
linear break in the skin surface, not related to trauma.
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Flushing
turning red, as with fever
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Jaundice
yellowish discoloration of the skin and conjunctive caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the body.
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Keloid
excessive fibrous tissue replacement, resulting in an enlarged scar and deficiency.
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Lanugo
fine hair that may cover the newborn
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Lichenification
accentuation of normal skin lines resembling tree bark, commonly caused by excessive scratching.
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Linea nigra
a dark line that appears on the pregnant women, usually disappears after childbirth, and extends from umbilicus to pubis.
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Macule
flat, distinct, colored area of skin that is less than 10 mm in diameter and does not include a change in skin texture or thickness.
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Malar rash
red macular lesions distributed over the forehead, cheeks, and chin, resembling the pattern of a butterfly
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Melanoma
the most serious type of skin cancer, which develops in cells that produce melanin.
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Melasma
a blotchy discoloration on the face of pregnant women, also called the “mask of pregnancy.”
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Nails
epidermal appendages that arise from a nail matrix in the epidermis, near the distal portions of each finger and toe
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Nodule
solid palpable lesion greater than 1 cm in diameter, often with some depth.
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Pallor
paleness of the skin
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Papule
raised, defined lesion of any color, less than 1 cm in diameter.
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Photoallergy
reaction to the sun, often caused by a medication, that manifests with blisters and redness on exposed skin and occurs only after repeated exposure to offending substance. It persists for some time after removal of the offending substance, UV exposure, or both.
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Photosensitivity
rash that appears after exposure to the sun.
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Phototoxicity
reaction caused by a drugs molecules absorbing energy from a particular UV wavelength and then damaging surrounding tissues. The result is marked and severly tender sunburn.
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Plaque
raised, defined lesion of any color, greater than 1 cm in diameter.
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Pressure ulcer
loss of skin surface, extending into dermis, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscle, bone, or all of these.
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reddened lesions that arise from previously normal skin and include maculae, papules, nodules, tumors, polyps, wheals, blisters, cysts, pustules, and abscesses. May be further described as nonelevated, elevated solid, or fluid-filled.
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Purpura
red or purple skin discolorations that do not blanch when pressure is applied. They are caused by bleeding underneath the skin. Purpura measure 0.3 – 1.0 cm.
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Pustule
purulent fluid-filled raised lesion of any size
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Scale
rapid turnover of epidermal layer, resulting in accumulation and delayed shedding of outermost epidermis
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Scar
fibrous replacement of lost skin structure
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Sebaceous glands
Glands located throughout the body, except the palms and soles, that open into hair follicles and secrete sebum (oil-like substance that assists the skin in moisture retention and friction protection.)
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Secondary lesions
skin changes that appear following a primary lesion (e.g.: formation of scar tissue, crust from dried burn vesicles.)
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Self-skin examination
an examination of the skin that the patient himself or herself performs to identify potentially problematic lesions
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Subcutaneous layer
innermost skin layer; provides insulation, storage of calorie reserves, and cushioning against external forces. Composed mainly of fat and loose connective tissue, it also contributes to the skins mobility
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Sunblocks
substances applied to the skin to deflect rays from absorption.
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Sunscreens
substances applied to the skin to absorb harmful UV rays. They need to be applied every 2 hours for max protection
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Tenting
a persistent pinch
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1. darker and coarser hair than vellus hair. It varies in length and is generally on the scalp, brows, and eyelids. In post pubertal people, terminal hair is found on the axillae, perineum, and legs; on post pubertal males, it also appears on the chest and abdomen.
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Turgor
skins ability to change shape and return to normal elasticity. Used to assess the status of fluid loss or dehydration in the body
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Anterior triangle
area of the neck between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and midline of the neck.
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Cranium
The collective bones of the head. The term skull is used synonymously.
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Fontanels
Membrane-covered spaces between the bones of the cranium in the infant.
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Graves' disease
Severe hyperthyroidism
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Lymph nodes
small oval structures throughout the body that filter bacteria and viruses and help to fight infection. They normally range in size from very tiny (less than 1 mm) to more than 1 cm. Lymph nodes of the head and neck region are some of the most accessible to physical examination.
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Macrocephaly
Enlargement of the head, usually from obstruction of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
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Microcephaly
smaller than normal head size, noted at birth and associated with underdevelopment of the brain and mental retardation.
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Nasolabial folds
slight prominence of tissue between the nose and lips; should be symmetrical upon inspection.
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Posterior triangle
area of the neck between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscles.
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Salivary glands
three pairs of glands that secrete saliva into the mouth: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular.
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Sternocleidomastoid muscle
large muscle attached to the sternum and clavicle inferiorly and mastoid process of the temporal bone superiorly. This muscle separates the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck
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Sutures
flat joints between the bones of the skull. In the infant, these sutures are not calcified, allowing for skull bone and brain growth
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Trapezius muscle
large muscle of the upper back and posterior neck connected to the occipital bone superiorly and spinous processes of the thoracic and seventh cervical vertebrae inferiorly and the shoulder.
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Amblyopia
Condition in which the vision on one eye is reduced because the eye and brain are not working together. It is the most common cause of visual impairment in children.
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Blepharitis
Inflammation of the margin of the eyelid.
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Blindness
Inability to see; loss of vision
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Cataract
Opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye, which obstructs the passage of light.
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Chalazion
Cyst (meibomian gland lipogranuloma) in the eyelid resulting from inflammation of the meibomian gland
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Conjunctiva
Clear membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids
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Conjunctivitis
Inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane (conjunctiva) that lines the eyelid and part of the eyeball
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Cornea
Transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.
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Emmetropia
Refractive index
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Exophthalmos
Bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit
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Extraocular muscles
Muscles that control eye movement and hold the eye in place in the socket.
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Glaucoma
Disease in which the optic nerve is damaged, leading to progressive, irreversible loss of vision. It is often, but not always, associated with increased pressure of the eye.
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Iris
Anatomical eye structure responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and the amount of light reaching them
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Jaeger test
Acuity test for near vision
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Lacrimal apparatus
Physiologic system containing the orbital structures for production and drainage; consists of the lacrimal gland and its excretory ducts, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, and nerve supply
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Lens
Optic device with perfect or approximate axial symmetry; transmits and refracts light, converging or diverging the beam.
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Limbus
border between the cornea and sclera
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Macula
Structure lateral to the optic disc, the area with the greatest concentration of cones.
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Macular degeneration
Disease that gradually causes loss of sharp central vision, needed for common daily tasks
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Ophthalmoscope
Instrument used to visualize the inner eye and its structures
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Optic disc
Also called optic nerve head; location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve.
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Palpebral fissure
Almond-shaped open space between the eyelids.
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Presbyopia
considered a natural part of aging; a condition that results from loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens. As this happens, the ciliary muscles that bend and straighten the lens lose their power to accommodate
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Pupil
Opening in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina.
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Retina
Light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye
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Retinopathy
Damage to retinal blood vessels. The two most common cause are diabetes and hypertension.
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Sclera
white part of the eye
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Snellen's test
Test using a Snellen’s chart to measure visual acuity.
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Air conduction
Normal pathway by which sounds travel to the inner ear.
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Audiogram
Test for auditory acuity conducted by an audiologist in a soundproof room.
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Bone conduction
Pathway for sound transmission that bypasses the external ear and delivers sound waves/ vibrations directly to the inner ear via the skull.
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Cerumen
Waxy substance secreted by glands in the ear.
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Cochlea
Part of the body labyrinth that includes the portions of the inner ear responsible for hearing.
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Conductive hearing loss
Hearing loss that results when sound wave transmission through the external or middle ear is disrupted
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Equilibrium
condition of a system in which competing influences are balanced. The sense of a balance present in humans and animals
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Eustachian tube
Conduit that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and allows for pressure regulation of the middle ear.
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Incus
Anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear that connects the malleus to the stapes. It conducts sound to the inner ear.
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Malleus
Also called the hammer; a hammer-shaped bone or ossicle of the middle ear that connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum.
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Organ of Corti
Also called the spiral organ; contains auditory sensory cells (hair cells) in the inner surface of the eardrum
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Otalgia
Pain in or around the ear.
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Otosclerosis
Common conductive hearing loss resulting from the slow fusion of any combination of the ossicles in the middle ear.
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Presbycusis
Natural sensorineural loss
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Rinne test
Test conducted with a tuning fork to examine the differentiation between bone conduction (BC) and air conduction (AC).
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Semicircular canals
Three half circular, interconnected tubes inside each ear that are filled with a fluid called endolymph and a motion sensor with little hairs (cilia) whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different section of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past and a signal is then sent to the brain.
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Sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing loss that results from a problem somewhere beyond the middle ear, from inner ear to auditory cortex
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1. Also called the stirrup; the stirrup shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear that attaches the incus to the fenestra ovalis, the “oval window” which is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear it is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body.
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Tinnitus
Perception of buzzing or ringing in one ear or both ears that does not correspond with an external sound
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Tympanic membrane
Oblique, multilayered, translucent, and pearly gray barrier betwen the external auditory canal and middle ear
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Vertigo
Type of dizziness, where there is a feeling of motion when one is stationary.
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Vestibular function
proprioception and equilibrium.
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Vestibule
Central part of the labyrinth, as used in the vestibular system.
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Allergic salute
An upward rubbing of the external nose induced by itching; may lead to a crease or bend in the nose, most commonly in children with allergies.
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Angular cheilitis
Maceration of the skin at the corners of the mouth; caused by overclosure of the mouth.
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Ankyloglossia
A short lingual frenulum; may be congenital, restricting movement of the tongue and subsequently speech.
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Bednar aphthae
Ulcerative abrasions on the posterior hard palate that result from hard sucking.
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Bifid uvula
Minor cleft of the posterior soft palate.
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Choana
Opening of the nose
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Choanal atresia
Restriction of the bucco-nasal membrane
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Columella
Anatomical structure that divides the oval nares (nostrils)
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Deviation of septum
Deflection of the center wall of the nose (septum)
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Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
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Epstein pearls
Small, white, glistening, pearly papules along the median border of the hard palate and gums; a normal finding in newborns.
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Epulis
Localized gingival enlargement. May lead to a tumor-like mass.
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Fordyce's granules
Small isolated white or yellow papules on the buccal mucosa, representing insignificant sebaceous cysts or salivary tissue.
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Geographic tongue
tongue appearance with creases, bends, and unusual appearance; tends to occur in people with allergic disease but has no significant pathology.
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Gustatory rhinitis
Clear rhinorrhea stimulated by the smell and taste of food.
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Hemangioma
Benign mass of blood vessels
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Koplik's spots
finding in rubeola measles; appearance resembles grains of salt on the erythematous base of the buccal mucosa opposite the first and second molars
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Leukoplakia
white patches with well-defined borders found on the lips or gums
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Lingula frenulum
anatomical structure that connects the base of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
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Ludwig's angina
swelling that results from infection in the floor of the mouth and pushes the tongue up and back. it can lead to eventual airway obstruction.
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Milia
Small white bumps across the bridge of the nose; a common newborn finding.
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Oral candidiasis
white coating of the tongue. also known as thrush.
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Osteo-meatal complex
the collective middle turbinate and middle meatus area.
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peritonsillar abscess
abscess in the anterior tonsillar pillar that may result from collection of fluid.
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Petechiae
small red spots under the skin resulting from blood that escapes the capillaries; may occur with trauma, infection, or decreased platelet counts.
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Pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharyngeal walls
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Polyps
grape-like swollen nasal membranes, may appear white and glistening.
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Rubeola measles
infectious disease with symptoms of a maculopapular rash on the buccal mucosa, fever, inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, nasal discharge, and cough
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Scrotal tongue
fissures that become inflamed with food or debris and apear in the tongue.
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Septal perforation
hole in the midline septum
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Smooth, glossy tongue
tongue and buccal mucosa that appear smooth and shiny from papillary atrophy and thinning of the buccal mucosa.
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Sucking tubercle
in infants the formation of a small pad of tissue in the middle of the upper lip
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Tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
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torus palatinus
Bony prominence in the middle of the hard palate
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Trismus
Inability to open the jaw
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Vermillion
Junction of the lip and facial skin
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Vestibule
Anatomic name for the nares; comprised of skin and ciliated mucosa
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