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classification
in biology, the ordering of organisms into categories such as orders families and genera to show evolutionary relationships
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metazoa
they are multicellular animals with differentiated tissues,a major division of the animal kingdom
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chordata
the phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates
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vertebrate
animals with segmented bony spinal columns, includes fishes amphibians reptiles
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homologies
similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor
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analogies
similarities between organisms strictly on common function with no assumed common evolutionary descent
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homoplasy
the separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms
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evolutionary systematic
a traditional approach to classification in which presumed ancestors and descendants are traced in time analysis of homologous characters
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cladistics
an approach to classification that attempts to make rigorous evolutionary interpretations based solely on analysis of certain types of homologous characters
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ancestral or primitive
referring to characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and thus not diagnostic of groups that diverged after the character first appeared
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derived or modified
referring to characters that are modified from the ancestral condition and thus diagnostic particular evolutionary lineages
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clade
a group of organisms sharing a common ancestor
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theropods
small to medium sized ground living dinosaurs, dated to approx 150mya and thought to be related to birds
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phylogenetic tree
a chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by evolutionary systematics
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cladogram
a chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by cladistic analysis. its based solely on interpretation of shared derived characters.
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biological species concept
a depiction of species as groups of individuals capable of fertile interbreeding but reproductively isolated from other such groups
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speciation
the process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species
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recognition species concept
a depiction of species in which the key aspect is the ability of individuals to identify members if their own species to mate
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ecological species concept
the concept that a species is a group of organisms exploiting a single niche.
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allopatric species
living in different areas
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sexual dimorphism
differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.
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intraspecific variation
refers to variation seen within the same species
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interspecific variation
refers to variation beyond that seen within the same species to include additional aspects seen between two different species
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paleospecies
species defined from fossil evidence, often covering a large time span
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genus
a group of closely related species
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geological time scale
the organization of earth history into eras, periods, and epochs, commonly used by geologists and paleoanthropologists
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continental drift
the movement of continents on sliding plates of the earths surface.
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ecological niches
the position of a species within its physical and biological environments
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epochs
categories of the geological time scale, subdivisions of periods
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eras
eras include periods, periods are broken down into epochs, main eras: paleozoic,mesozoic and cenozoic
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evolutionary pulse
by elisabeth vrba, suggests that abrupt climate change has drive brief pulses of evolution and extinction in animals ranging from antelopes to early human ancestors
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viviparous
producing living young not eggs
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heterodont
having different kinds of teeth
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homodont
having the same teeth
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endothermic
able to maintain internal body temperature by producing energy through metabolic processes within cells
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homeothermic
an organism that has a constant body temperature n is largely independent of the temperature of its surroundings
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adaptive radiation
a rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches/
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punctuated equilibrium (interrupted long period of no change)
The theory that new species evolve suddenly over relatively short periods of time (a few hundred to a thousand years), followed by longer periods in which little genetic change occurs. Punctuated equilibrium is a revision of Darwin's theory that evolution takes place at a slow, constant rate over millions of years.
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gradualist evolution
phyletic gradualism, thaat change accumulates gradually in evolving lineages
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taxonomy
classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships
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taphonomy
the study of how bones and other matierlas come to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils
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prosimians
grouping of mammals defined as being primates, but not monkeys or apes. They include, among others, lemurs, bushbabies, and tarsiers.
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anthropoids
members of the primate infraorder Anthropoidea, which includes monkeys, apes, and humans
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specialized morphology
horses and cattle have undergone a reduction in the number of digits from the ancestral pattern of five to one or two
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prehensility
adapted for seizing, grasping or taking hold of something
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vision reliant
corresponding reduction of the entire olfactory apparatus has also resulted in decreased size of the snout this increases reliance on vision
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diurnal
active during the day
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nocturnal
active during the night
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sensory modalities
different forms of sensation ( taste, touch, pain etc.)
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intelligence
A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience
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arboreal hypothesis
based on the fact that animals such as squirrels are also arboreal, yet they havent evolved primate-like adaptations such as prehensile hands or forward-facing eyes
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visual predation hypothesis
small mammals ate insects on the forest floor which made them develop hands , and they had to have good vision because they needed to detect insects, these features could becomes good to climb trees and jump from branch to branch
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arboreal
tree living, adapted to life in trees
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terrestrial
Of or on the ground, of the habitat of a plant, on land as opposed to in water, or on the ground as opposed to on another plant.
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adaptive niche
an orgranism's entire way of life: what it eats, how it gets food, how it avoids predators etc.
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midline- sagittal
a plane that separates the left and right portions of the body
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dentition
the number and kind of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth
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cusps
the bumps on the chewing surface of premolars and molars
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sectorial pre-molar
Tooth with an elliptical or circular cross-section and a single cusp; in anthropoids, generally referring to the lower anterior premolar wich wears against the overlapping upper canine, creating a honing facet on the premolar's mesial surface from cutting against the distal edge of the canine in a scissors-like action.
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incisor
used for biting and cuting the four front teeth
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canine
used for biting and cuting behind the incisors
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premolar
used for chewing and grinding, humans have 2 nw monkeys have3
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molar
used for chewing and grinding humans have 3 as well as nw monkeys
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dental formula
numerical device that indicates the number of each type of tooth in each side of the upper and lower jaws
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caninization
the evolutionary origin of canines
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molarization
the evolutionary origin of molars
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trigon cuspid
three main cusps of the the upper molars, the main cusp was called the protocone and the other two are paracone and metacone
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bilophodonty cuspid
referring to molars that have four cusps oriented in two parallel rows resembling ridges, or "lophs".
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Y-5 cuspid
a cusp pattern in lower molars in which there are five main cusps separated by grooves, and the mesiolingual and distobuccal cusps touch.
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diastema
the space between two teeth
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dental comb
This dental comb is composed of the lower canines and lower incisors compressed from side to side and slanted forward; the most specialized dental combs
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procumbent incisors
refers to incisors that project more in the horizontal than in the vertical plane
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dental quadrant
Each dental arch is divided into a right and a left quadrant
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brachiation
arboreal locomotion in which the animal progresses below branches by using only the forelimbs
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Macaques
Macaques are native to Asia and Northern Africa,Macaques live in many different habitats across the globe, making them the most widely distributed genus of nonhuman primates, used to reasearch AIDS
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lemurs
Any of several small arboreal, mostly nocturnal primates chiefly of the family Lemuridae of Madagascar and adjacent islands, having large eyes, a long slim muzzle, and a long tail.
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lorises
Any of several small, slow-moving, nocturnal prosimian primates of the genera Loris and Nycticebus of tropical Asia, having dense woolly fur, large eyes, and a vestigial tail.
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tarsiers
Any of several small nocturnal arboreal primates of the genus Tarsius, of the East Indies and the Philippines, having large round eyes, a long tail, and long fingers and toes tipped with soft disklike pads
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Platyrrhini
new world monkeys that have flat noses
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ceboids
its a kind of monkey
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callitrichids
includes marmosets and tamarins, NW monkey. They dont have a prehensil tail, and they are diurnal
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Atelids
Native to forested regions of Mexico, Central and South America, these medium to large-sized monkeys. Atelids are arboreal, diurnal omnivores.
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Cebids
NW -spider and capuchin monkeys, frugivores
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Catarrhini
- OW-apes, and humans, they have hooked nose,
- catarrhine primate, such as a gorilla.
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cercopithecines
OW- baboons , macaques they are diurnal and live in social groups
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colobines
from cercopithecidae,do not have opposable thumbs.
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hominoids
no tail, Y-5 pattern, enlarged incisors, large brains
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cercopithicoids
narrow nose, smaller brain, have tails,molars are bilophodont
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cercopithecines
OW - from the catarrhini family, they are small compared to the colobines
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colobines
OW from catarrhini n they are the big ones compared to the cercopithecines.
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hominoids
apes and humans classified together
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hylobatids
part of the hominoid family and they are related part of the gibbons and they are monogomous
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pongids
its a chimp, gorilla and an orangutan
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hominids
humans, they include basals , australopithecines, and hominins
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rhinarium
the hairless moist nose of some mammals
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ischial callosities
harden skin on OW monkeys buttocks
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estrus
when a female is in heat, excluding humans
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frugivorous
monkeys that eat 70% like squirrel monkeys which are cebids
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gumiovorous
monkeys that eat sap
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foliovorous
monkeys mainly leaves like gorillas
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insectivorous
eat mainly insects like the aye ayes
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omnivores
all primates are omnivores
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humerus
the upper arm bone
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radius
one of the two large bones of the forearm the other one is the ulna
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ulna
the other largest bone of the forearm
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metacarpals
any of the bones in the hands, between phalanges and carpals
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phalanges
finger or toe bones
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femur
the longest strongest bone in the body between the pelvis and the knee
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tibia
the inner and larger of the two bones between the knee and ankle
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fibula
the inner and smaller of the two bones between the knee and ankle
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tarsal
bones in the ankle
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metatarsal
bone between the phalanges and tarsals in the foot
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behavior
response to external or internal stimuli
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free-ranging
animals that are allowed to roam around freely
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ecology
the relationship between living organisms due to respect that they have for each other and their natural environment
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behavioral ecology
the study of how animals act and adapt to their environment according to their evolutionary basis
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plasticity
the brains ability to change itself
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metabolism
the chemical process within cells that break down nutrients and release energy for the body to use
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philopatric
always stays in their natal group and never leaves even as an adult, most of the time its a female
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life history traits
characteristics and developmental stages that influnce rates of reproduction
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stratigies
behavioral complexes that have been favored by natural selection because they are advantageous to animals that perform them
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sympatric
two or more species living in the same area
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home range
the place where an animal or social group lives for a year or their whole life
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competition
competition for resources
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dominance hierarchies
systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another
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communication
any act that conveys information in the form of a message to another individual
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autonomic
pertaining to physiological responses that arent under voluntary control
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displays
sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states
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ritualized behavior
behaviors removed from their original context and sometimes exaggerated to convey information
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affiliative
behaviors that reinforce social bonds and promote group cohesion, ex: grooming
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grooming
picking through fur to remove dirt parasites and other materials that may be present
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reproductive strategies
the complex behavioral patterns that contributes to invdividual reproductive success
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K-selected
an adaptive strategy whereby individuals reproduce relatively few offspring in whom they invest increased parental care
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r-selected
having more offspring reducing parental care
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sexual selection
competition for mates within their own species
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polyandry
where a female mates with multiple males, marmosets and tamarins
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polygyny
when a male has more than one female to mate with
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monogamy
mating only with one other partner, like getting married
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solitare
living in solitude
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multi-male/female
where several males and females are reproductively active
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alloparenting
a common behavior in many primates species whereby individuals other than the parents hold, carry,and in general interact with infants
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allometry
how anatomical structures change through development
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encephalization
used to estimate the expected brain size for any give body size
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natal group
the group in which animals are born and raised
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cortex
the layer that covers the cerebral hemisphere
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neocortex
the evolved portions of the cortex that are involved with higher mental functions that inegrate incoming information from different sensory organs
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lateralized
localized at one side of the brain, it is the functional specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for specific activities
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motor cortex
the areas of the brain's cortex involved with movement
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anthropocentric
emphasizing the importance of humans over everything else
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territories
the portion of a home range actively defended against intrusion
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core area
in a home land, the area that has more food supplies, and this area is highly defended
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altruism
behavior that benefits another individual at some potential risk or cost to one self
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biological continuum
when expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are no discrete categories
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natural selection
genetic change in the frequencies of certain traits due to differential reproductive success
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group selection
Selection for traits that would be beneficial to a population at the expense of the individual possessing the trait.
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epi-genetics
changed in phenotype that are not related to changes in DNA
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gene flow
exchange of genes between populations
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genetic drift
evolutionary changes that are produced by random factors in small populations
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crania
the skull, the part enclosing the brain
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post-crania
referring to all parts of the skeleton besides the skull on quadrapeds
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occipital
the back part of the brain
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sphenoid
butterfly shaped bone at the base of the skull
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frontal
front part of the skull
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mandible
the lower jaw bone
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maxilla
the upper jaw bone
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parietals
the upper posterior wall of the head
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temporals
temples of the head
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facial bones
frontal bone, parietal bone,sphenoid,maxilla, mandible,temporal, nasal,zygomatic
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nasal bones
the bridge and two oblong bones
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lambdoidal suture
the line separating the occipital and parietal bone
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coronal suture
the line separating the frontal bone and the parietal
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sagittal suture
line separating the two parietal bones
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basal suture
all the bones in a skeleton except the skull on a quadrupedal
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meitopic suture
the line dividing the two frontal bones
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mastoids
process of the temportal bone behind the ear, breast shaped
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zygomatic arches
cheek bone
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occipital protuberance
the point of intersection of the four divisions of the occiptal bone
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canine fossa
a large n deep depression gives orgin to caninus
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nasal bridge
bony part of the nose overlaying the nasal bones
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nasal spine
a bone that sticks out at the base of the nose
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nasal aperture
the heart shaped opening where our nose goes
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foramen magnum
the large hole in the occiptal bone
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foramen magnum location
occipital bone
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prognathism
when one or both jaws project forward
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cervical vertebrae
the vertebrae immediately under the skull
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thoracic vertebrae
the vertebrae that carry the ribs
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lumbar vertebrae
the largest section of the movable part of the vertebrae
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sacral vertebrae
there are five sacral bones and they are located between the lumbar vertebrae and coccyx
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caudal vertebrae
Any of the bones or cartilaginous segments forming the spinal column
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thorax
is a division of an animal's body that lies between the head and the abdomen.
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ribs
long curved bones that form the rib cage
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clavicle
collar bone is a long bone of short length that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum
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scapula
the shoulder blade, the bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle
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glenoid cavity
the socket in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint
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pelvis
contains a large compound bone structure at the base of the spine, which is connected with the legs or rear limbs.
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ilium
uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis
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ischium
forms the lower and back part of the hip bone
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pubis
the ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis —called also pubic bone
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acetabulum
a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint
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sub-pubic angle
is the angle in the human body formed at pubic arch
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greater sciatic notch
Above the ischial spine is a large notch, the greater sciatic notch, converted into a foramen by the sacrospinous ligament.
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obturator foramen
is the hole created by the ischiumand pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass.
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precambrian
is the name which describes the large span of time in Earth's history before the current Phanerozoic Eon, and is a Supereon divided into several eons of the geologic time scale
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cambrian
543 to 490 Million Years Ago Animals with hard-shells appeared in great numbers for the first time during the Cambrian. The continents were flooded by shallow seas. The supercontinent of Gondwana had just formed and was located near the South Pole.
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paleozoic
542 to 251 million years ago. It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian,Carboniferous, and Permian.
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mezazoic
250 million years ago to about 65 million years ago. Age of Reptiles because reptiles, namely dinosaurs, were the dominant terrestrial and marine vertebrates of the time
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cenozoic
65.5 mya to the present.is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras and covers the period from 65.5 mya to the present. Age of Mammal
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paleocene
65.5 to 56 million years ago first epoch of Palaeogene Period
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oligocene
is a geologic epoch of thePaleogene Period and extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present
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eocene
54.8 to 33.7 mya, is part of the Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era
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miocene
is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.332mya
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pliocene
is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.332 million to 2.588[2] million years before present. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era
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pleistocene
is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations
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holocene
is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene
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pangea continent
a supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras about 250 million years ago, before the component continents were separated into their current configuration.
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gondwana continent
was the southernmost of two supercontinents (the other being Laurasia) that later became parts of the Pangaea supercontinent.
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laurasia continent
was the northernmost of two supercontinents (the other being Gondwana) that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent from approximately 510 to 200 million years ago (Mya). It separated from Gondwana 200 to 180 Mya (the late Triassic era) during the breakup of Pangaea, drifting further north after the split.
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present 7 continents
they are (from largest in size to smallest): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.
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age of fishes
The Devonian Period of the Paleozoic Era lasted from 417 million years ago to 354 million years ago. It is named for Devon, England where the old red sandstone of the Devonian was first studied.
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age of reptiles
The origin of flowering plants, dinosaurs, birds, and mammals. mesozoic era.
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age of birds and mammals
The diversification of flowering plants, insects, birds and mammals, and the appearance of humans. cenozoic era.
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biological-behavioral species
The biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance. Although appearance is helpful in identifying species, it does not define species.
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