anthro.txt

in biology, the ordering of organisms into categories such as orders families and genera to show evolutionary relationships

they are multicellular animals with differentiated tissues,a major division of the animal kingdom

the phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates

animals with segmented bony spinal columns, includes fishes amphibians reptiles

similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor

similarities between organisms strictly on common function with no assumed common evolutionary descent

the separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms

a traditional approach to classification in which presumed ancestors and descendants are traced in time analysis of homologous characters

an approach to classification that attempts to make rigorous evolutionary interpretations based solely on analysis of certain types of homologous characters

referring to characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and thus not diagnostic of groups that diverged after the character first appeared

referring to characters that are modified from the ancestral condition and thus diagnostic particular evolutionary lineages

a group of organisms sharing a common ancestor

small to medium sized ground living dinosaurs, dated to approx 150mya and thought to be related to birds

a chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by evolutionary systematics

a chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by cladistic analysis. its based solely on interpretation of shared derived characters.

a depiction of species as groups of individuals capable of fertile interbreeding but reproductively isolated from other such groups

the process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species

a depiction of species in which the key aspect is the ability of individuals to identify members if their own species to mate

the concept that a species is a group of organisms exploiting a single niche.

living in different areas

differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

refers to variation seen within the same species

refers to variation beyond that seen within the same species to include additional aspects seen between two different species

species defined from fossil evidence, often covering a large time span

a group of closely related species

the organization of earth history into eras, periods, and epochs, commonly used by geologists and paleoanthropologists

the movement of continents on sliding plates of the earths surface.

the position of a species within its physical and biological environments

categories of the geological time scale, subdivisions of periods

eras include periods, periods are broken down into epochs, main eras: paleozoic,mesozoic and cenozoic

by elisabeth vrba, suggests that abrupt climate change has drive brief pulses of evolution and extinction in animals ranging from antelopes to early human ancestors

producing living young not eggs

having different kinds of teeth

having the same teeth

able to maintain internal body temperature by producing energy through metabolic processes within cells

an organism that has a constant body temperature n is largely independent of the temperature of its surroundings

a rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches/

The theory that new species evolve suddenly over relatively short periods of time (a few hundred to a thousand years), followed by longer periods in which little genetic change occurs. Punctuated equilibrium is a revision of Darwin's theory that evolution takes place at a slow, constant rate over millions of years.

phyletic gradualism, thaat change accumulates gradually in evolving lineages

classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships

the study of how bones and other matierlas come to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils

grouping of mammals defined as being primates, but not monkeys or apes. They include, among others, lemurs, bushbabies, and tarsiers.

members of the primate infraorder Anthropoidea, which includes monkeys, apes, and humans

horses and cattle have undergone a reduction in the number of digits from the ancestral pattern of five to one or two

adapted for seizing, grasping or taking hold of something

corresponding reduction of the entire olfactory apparatus has also resulted in decreased size of the snout this increases reliance on vision

active during the day

active during the night

different forms of sensation ( taste, touch, pain etc.)

A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience

based on the fact that animals such as squirrels are also arboreal, yet they havent evolved primate-like adaptations such as prehensile hands or forward-facing eyes

small mammals ate insects on the forest floor which made them develop hands , and they had to have good vision because they needed to detect insects, these features could becomes good to climb trees and jump from branch to branch

tree living, adapted to life in trees

Of or on the ground, of the habitat of a plant, on land as opposed to in water, or on the ground as opposed to on another plant.

an orgranism's entire way of life: what it eats, how it gets food, how it avoids predators etc.

a plane that separates the left and right portions of the body

the number and kind of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth

the bumps on the chewing surface of premolars and molars

Tooth with an elliptical or circular cross-section and a single cusp; in anthropoids, generally referring to the lower anterior premolar wich wears against the overlapping upper canine, creating a honing facet on the premolar's mesial surface from cutting against the distal edge of the canine in a scissors-like action.

used for biting and cuting the four front teeth

used for biting and cuting behind the incisors

used for chewing and grinding, humans have 2 nw monkeys have3

used for chewing and grinding humans have 3 as well as nw monkeys

numerical device that indicates the number of each type of tooth in each side of the upper and lower jaws

the evolutionary origin of canines

the evolutionary origin of molars

three main cusps of the the upper molars, the main cusp was called the protocone and the other two are paracone and metacone

referring to molars that have four cusps oriented in two parallel rows resembling ridges, or "lophs".

a cusp pattern in lower molars in which there are five main cusps separated by grooves, and the mesiolingual and distobuccal cusps touch.

the space between two teeth

This dental comb is composed of the lower canines and lower incisors compressed from side to side and slanted forward; the most specialized dental combs

refers to incisors that project more in the horizontal than in the vertical plane

Each dental arch is divided into a right and a left quadrant

arboreal locomotion in which the animal progresses below branches by using only the forelimbs

Macaques are native to Asia and Northern Africa,Macaques live in many different habitats across the globe, making them the most widely distributed genus of nonhuman primates, used to reasearch AIDS

Any of several small arboreal, mostly nocturnal primates chiefly of the family Lemuridae of Madagascar and adjacent islands, having large eyes, a long slim muzzle, and a long tail.

Any of several small, slow-moving, nocturnal prosimian primates of the genera Loris and Nycticebus of tropical Asia, having dense woolly fur, large eyes, and a vestigial tail.

Any of several small nocturnal arboreal primates of the genus Tarsius, of the East Indies and the Philippines, having large round eyes, a long tail, and long fingers and toes tipped with soft disklike pads

new world monkeys that have flat noses

its a kind of monkey

includes marmosets and tamarins, NW monkey. They dont have a prehensil tail, and they are diurnal

Native to forested regions of Mexico, Central and South America, these medium to large-sized monkeys. Atelids are arboreal, diurnal omnivores.

NW -spider and capuchin monkeys, frugivores

• OW-apes, and humans, they have hooked nose,
• catarrhine primate, such as a gorilla.

OW- baboons , macaques they are diurnal and live in social groups

from cercopithecidae,do not have opposable thumbs.

no tail, Y-5 pattern, enlarged incisors, large brains

narrow nose, smaller brain, have tails,molars are bilophodont

OW - from the catarrhini family, they are small compared to the colobines

OW from catarrhini n they are the big ones compared to the cercopithecines.

apes and humans classified together

part of the hominoid family and they are related part of the gibbons and they are monogomous

its a chimp, gorilla and an orangutan

humans, they include basals , australopithecines, and hominins

the hairless moist nose of some mammals

harden skin on OW monkeys buttocks

when a female is in heat, excluding humans

monkeys that eat 70% like squirrel monkeys which are cebids

monkeys that eat sap

monkeys mainly leaves like gorillas

eat mainly insects like the aye ayes

all primates are omnivores

the upper arm bone

one of the two large bones of the forearm the other one is the ulna

the other largest bone of the forearm

wrist bones

any of the bones in the hands, between phalanges and carpals

finger or toe bones

the longest strongest bone in the body between the pelvis and the knee

the inner and larger of the two bones between the knee and ankle

the inner and smaller of the two bones between the knee and ankle

bones in the ankle

bone between the phalanges and tarsals in the foot

response to external or internal stimuli

animals that are allowed to roam around freely

the relationship between living organisms due to respect that they have for each other and their natural environment

the study of how animals act and adapt to their environment according to their evolutionary basis

the brains ability to change itself

the chemical process within cells that break down nutrients and release energy for the body to use

always stays in their natal group and never leaves even as an adult, most of the time its a female

characteristics and developmental stages that influnce rates of reproduction

behavioral complexes that have been favored by natural selection because they are advantageous to animals that perform them

two or more species living in the same area

the place where an animal or social group lives for a year or their whole life

competition for resources

systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another

any act that conveys information in the form of a message to another individual

pertaining to physiological responses that arent under voluntary control

sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states

behaviors removed from their original context and sometimes exaggerated to convey information

behaviors that reinforce social bonds and promote group cohesion, ex: grooming

picking through fur to remove dirt parasites and other materials that may be present

the complex behavioral patterns that contributes to invdividual reproductive success

an adaptive strategy whereby individuals reproduce relatively few offspring in whom they invest increased parental care

having more offspring reducing parental care

competition for mates within their own species

where a female mates with multiple males, marmosets and tamarins

when a male has more than one female to mate with

mating only with one other partner, like getting married

living in solitude

where several males and females are reproductively active

a common behavior in many primates species whereby individuals other than the parents hold, carry,and in general interact with infants

how anatomical structures change through development

used to estimate the expected brain size for any give body size

the group in which animals are born and raised

the layer that covers the cerebral hemisphere

the evolved portions of the cortex that are involved with higher mental functions that inegrate incoming information from different sensory organs

localized at one side of the brain, it is the functional specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for specific activities

the areas of the brain's cortex involved with movement

emphasizing the importance of humans over everything else

the portion of a home range actively defended against intrusion

in a home land, the area that has more food supplies, and this area is highly defended

behavior that benefits another individual at some potential risk or cost to one self

when expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are no discrete categories

genetic change in the frequencies of certain traits due to differential reproductive success

Selection for traits that would be beneficial to a population at the expense of the individual possessing the trait.

changed in phenotype that are not related to changes in DNA

exchange of genes between populations

evolutionary changes that are produced by random factors in small populations

change in DNA

the skull, the part enclosing the brain

referring to all parts of the skeleton besides the skull on quadrapeds

the back part of the brain

butterfly shaped bone at the base of the skull

front part of the skull

the lower jaw bone

the upper jaw bone

the upper posterior wall of the head

temples of the head

cheek bones

frontal bone, parietal bone,sphenoid,maxilla, mandible,temporal, nasal,zygomatic

the bridge and two oblong bones

the line separating the occipital and parietal bone

the line separating the frontal bone and the parietal

line separating the two parietal bones

all the bones in a skeleton except the skull on a quadrupedal

the line dividing the two frontal bones

the eye socket

process of the temportal bone behind the ear, breast shaped

cheek bone

the point of intersection of the four divisions of the occiptal bone

chin

a large n deep depression gives orgin to caninus

bony part of the nose overlaying the nasal bones

a bone that sticks out at the base of the nose

the heart shaped opening where our nose goes

the large hole in the occiptal bone

occipital bone

when one or both jaws project forward

the vertebrae immediately under the skull

the vertebrae that carry the ribs

the largest section of the movable part of the vertebrae

there are five sacral bones and they are located between the lumbar vertebrae and coccyx

Any of the bones or cartilaginous segments forming the spinal column

is a division of an animal's body that lies between the head and the abdomen.

long curved bones that form the rib cage

breastbone

collar bone is a long bone of short length that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum

the shoulder blade, the bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle

the socket in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

contains a large compound bone structure at the base of the spine, which is connected with the legs or rear limbs.

uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis

forms the lower and back part of the hip bone

the ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis —called also pubic bone

a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint

is the angle in the human body formed at pubic arch

Above the ischial spine is a large notch, the greater sciatic notch, converted into a foramen by the sacrospinous ligament.

is the hole created by the ischiumand pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass.

is the name which describes the large span of time in Earth's history before the current Phanerozoic Eon, and is a Supereon divided into several eons of the geologic time scale

543 to 490 Million Years Ago Animals with hard-shells appeared in great numbers for the first time during the Cambrian. The continents were flooded by shallow seas. The supercontinent of Gondwana had just formed and was located near the South Pole.

542 to 251 million years ago. It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian,Carboniferous, and Permian.

250 million years ago to about 65 million years ago. Age of Reptiles because reptiles, namely dinosaurs, were the dominant terrestrial and marine vertebrates of the time

65.5 mya to the present.is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras and covers the period from 65.5 mya to the present. Age of Mammal

65.5 to 56 million years ago first epoch of Palaeogene Period

is a geologic epoch of thePaleogene Period and extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present

54.8 to 33.7 mya, is part of the Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era

is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.332mya

is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.332 million to 2.588[2] million years before present. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era

is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations

is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene

a supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras about 250 million years ago, before the component continents were separated into their current configuration.

was the southernmost of two supercontinents (the other being Laurasia) that later became parts of the Pangaea supercontinent.

was the northernmost of two supercontinents (the other being Gondwana) that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent from approximately 510 to 200 million years ago (Mya). It separated from Gondwana 200 to 180 Mya (the late Triassic era) during the breakup of Pangaea, drifting further north after the split.

they are (from largest in size to smallest): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.

The Devonian Period of the Paleozoic Era lasted from 417 million years ago to 354 million years ago. It is named for Devon, England where the old red sandstone of the Devonian was first studied.

The origin of flowering plants, dinosaurs, birds, and mammals. mesozoic era.

The diversification of flowering plants, insects, birds and mammals, and the appearance of humans. cenozoic era.

The biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance. Although appearance is helpful in identifying species, it does not define species.