-
Examples of these fluides include:
Cerebrospinal
Pericardial
Pancreatic
Pleural
Synovial
Transcellular Fluids
-
This fluid loss occurs throught the skin and lungs
Not usually detectable and cannot be measured
Normally accounts for 300-400mL of fluid loss/day
Insensible Losses
-
Total serum calcium over 10.5 mg/dL
May be due to prolonged immobilization
S/S: lethargy, weakness, anorexia, constipation, polyuria
Hypercalcemia
-
Abnormal labs related to Respiratory Alkalosis
-
The movement of water across cell membranes from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution
Osmosis
-
Most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid
Found in most body secretions
Usually accompanies water imbalances
Sodium (Na+)
-
Primary regulator of fluid intake
Located in the hypothalamus
Osmotic pressure, vascular volume, and angiotensin trigger it
Thirst mechanism
-
Water is drawn out of the vascular compartment into interstitial tissues and cells
S/S: lethargy, confusion, weakness, muscle twitching, cramping, headache, seizures, coma
Hyponatremia
-
Normal serum levels: 135-145 mEq/L
Sodium (Na+)
-
Major cation in intracellular fluid
Vital electrolite for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity
Maintains acid base balance
Normal levels: 3.5-5 mEq/L
Potassium (K)
-
Body retains both water and sodium
Edema may be present
Weight gain
Fluid intake greater than output
Fluid Volume Excess
-
Cardiac dysrhythmia
Muscle weakness and cramps
Anorexia, n/v, fatigue, lethargy
Weak irregular pulse
Serum levels < 3.5
Hypokalemia
-
Normal total serum levels:
8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL
Normal ionized serum levels:
4 - 5 mg/dL
Normal Calcium levels
-
Avocados, carrots, spinach, tomato, potato
Dried fruits, bananas, apricot, orange, cantaloupe
Beef, cod, pork, veal
Milk, OJ, apricot nectar
Foods high in Potassium
-
Water is drawn into the vascular compartment from the interstitial cells
May be due to decreased thirst mechanism, hyperventilation, fever or insufficient water intake
- Dehydration
- or
- Fluid Volume Deficit
-
Thirsty, dry and sticky membranes, weakness
Red, dry, swollen tongue
Serum levels > 145 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
-
Examples of these foods:
Sugars
Cereal and breads
Vegetables
Carbohydrates
-
A person categorized by having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of >30 kg/m2
Obese
-
These include:
C, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12
Water soluble vitamins
-
30-50 million Americans have this condition in which they have an inability to break down the sugar in milk
Lactose Intolerance
-
These organic substances are greasy and insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol or ether
Lipids (or fats)
-
These may alter the appetite, distub taste perception, or interfere with nutrient absorption or excretion
Medications or drugs
-
Examples of these foods are:
Eggs
Poultry
Fish
Meat
Proteins
-
It is recommended to limit your intake of this element to less than 2,300 mg/day
Sodium
-
May be caused by the ingestion of too many antacids
Happens after prolonged vomiting
Respirations are slow and shallow
Metabolic Alkalosis
-
Acute lung conditions that impair alveolar gas exchange
Overdose of narcotics or sedatives
Chronic lung disease
Airway obstruction
Respiratory Acidosis
-
pH < 7.35
CO2 > 45
HCO3 normal or slightly elevated
Respiratory Acidosis
-
Often results from hyperventilation
May also be caused by fever and respiratory infections
Complains of SOB, numbness & tingling of extremities
Light-headed and blurred vision
Respiratory Alkalosis
-
Renal impairment
Diabetes
Prolonged diarrhea
Cardiac arrest
Metabolic Acidosis
-
pH > 7.45
CO2 < 35
Respiratory Alkalosis
-
Bicarb is low
May develop in renal failure or starvation
Headache, weakness, lethargy, confusion, n/v
Deep, rapid respirations
Metabolic Acidosis
-
Vomiting, gastric suction
Increased use of diuretics
Excessive bicarb intake
Cushing's Syndrome
Metabolic Alkalosis
-
pH > 7.45
PaCO2 > 45
HCO3 > 26
Metabolic Alkalosis
-
Hypoventilation & CO2 retention can cause this
Asthma and COPD are common causes
Anesthesia or narcotic overdose can cause this
Respiratory Acidosis
-
Fever
Brain stem injury
Hyperventilation due to: anxiety, increased body temp, hypoxia
Respiratory Alkalosis
-
pH < 7.35
CO2 < 38
HCO3 < 22
Metabolic Acidosis
-
This category of meds effects nutrition by possibly causing Ca+ and Na+ depletion
Some also decrease absorption of vitamins A, D, E, K
Laxatives
-
The pH of the aspirated fluid from a gastric tube should have this measurement or lower
pH of 6 or lower
-
These drugs are antagonists to dopamine, histamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine which are associated with vomiting
Anti-Emetics
-
This type of sleep aid should not be used for longer than 3-4 weeks because it suppresses stage 4 of NREM sleep
Restoril or Benzodiazepines
-
S/S include:
Decreased peripheral pulses
Pale skin color
Cool extremities
Decreased hair distribution
Peripheral Vasular Disease
-
Infects 1/3 of the world's population
Fever, worsening cough, night sweats, weight loss
TB or Tuberculosis
-
INH (isoniazide)
Rifampin (RIF)
PZH (pirazinamide)
Streptomycin or Ethanbutol
Medications used for TB
-
Most common cause of impaired blood flow
Vessels narrow and become constricted
Coronary arteries are most effected
Atherosclerosis
-
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