Pharm #2

normal 3.5-5 meQ/L

Hypokelemia

Too much potassium is loss due to poor dietary intake.

• anorexia
• hypotension
• lethargy
• mental confusion
• muscle weakness
• nausea

replace with foods rich in potassium

IV of potassium supplement, potassium chloride

Normal serum level is 4-5 mEq/L

• formation of healthy bones and teeth
• promotes normal blood coagulation
• critical to never conduction
• maintains electrical potential after the rapid sodium-potassium pump

• Bone
• plasma
• body cells

Hypocalcemia

• muscle spasms
• cramps
• sharp flexion of the wrist and ankles

• Trousseau's Sign
• Chvostek's Sign

• Level of calcium above 5 mEq/L
• a symptom of an underlying disease
• causes excess bone reabsorption with release of calcium

Normal serum level is 1.5-2.5 mEq/L

• Taking a history
• obtain clinical measurements
• assessing skin turgor
• neuromusclar irritability
• perform a physical exam
• review labs for fluid & electrolytes

• 1.fluid and food intake
• 2.fluid output
• 3.recent fluid losses
• 4.signs of fluid deficit or excess
• 5.common signs of electrolyte problems
• 6.long term and recent disease processes
• 7.medications and treatments

daily weight

patient has a fluid overload in body

• Temp increase
• Tachycardia
• pulse decrease
• Blood pressure decrease
• peripheral pulses weak and threading

• Weight gain
• edema
• pulse increases
• Blood pressure increase
• peripheral pulse strong and bonding

• skin color
• oral cavity
• eyes
• jugular veins
• veins of the hand
• neurologic system (LOC)

• solute concentration of urine
• increase osmolality means a fluid devicit
• decrease osmolality means a fluid excess

Normal vaules are 500-800 mOsm/kg

Whether the kidneys are responding appropriately to metabolic acid-base imbalances

• Deficient Fluid volume/ Risk
• Risk for imbalanced fluid volume
• Fluid volume excess

• Regain adequate F & E balance
• Avoid potential associate risks
• -skin break down
• -loss of tissue integrity
• -decreased cardiac output

• isotonic=equal to blood plasma
• hypotonic=less than blood plasma
• hypertonic=more than blood plasma

a plant or part of a plant valued for ite medicinal, savory, or aromatic qualities

• Digitalis=foxglove
• snakeroot=source of reserpine
• Willow bark=source of aspirin
• Pacific Yew Tree=source of Taxol

true

• For dietary supplements DSHEA requires: no proof of efficacy
• sets no standards for quality control for products
• do not need approval from the FDA before marketed
• Manufactures does not have to provide FDA with evidence on which it relies to substantiate yhe safety or effectivness of a product
• Manufactures may state an effect but does not need to promise a specific cure on the label

12-61%

the use of herbal products and nontraditional remedies

The use of both traditional medicine and alternative medicine at the same time.

plants contain natural substances that can promote health and alleviate illness.

• anxiety
• arthritis
• colds
• constipation
• cough
• depression
• fever
• headache
• infection
• insomnia
• intestinal disorders
• premenstrual syndrome
• menopausal symptoms
• stress
• ulcers
• weakness

• beliefs
• values
• genetics
• culture
• race
• ethnicity

• contamination
• interaction with conventional drugs
• can effect lab results
• increase BP
• cause palpitations and stroke

• 1. available without prescription
• 2. cheaper
• 3. aggressive marketing
• 4. cultural practices and beliefs

Med Watch toll free number

aloe, black cohosh, chamomile, echinacea, feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginseng, ginko biloba, golden seal, hawthorne, kava, saw palmetto, St John's Wort, Valerian

• 1. stop taking herbal products 2 weekd prior
• 2. inform surgeon and anesthesia that you are taking herbal products
• 3. bring container in to know whats exactly in in

False

• 1. Dong Quai (Angelica)
• 2. Garlic
• 3. Ginger
• 4. Ginkgo
• 5. Ginseng
• 6. Feverfew

• 1. bay
• 2. basil
• 3. Bee pollen
• 4. Ephedra (Ma-huang) - causes hyperglycemia
• 5. Garlic- causes hypoglycemia
• 6. ginseng
• 7. milk thistle
• 8. sage

• 1. Aloe
• 2. Chamomile
• 3. Evening primrose
• 4. Goldenseal
• 5. St John's wort

• infants
• young children
• pregnant women
• nursing mothers
• older adults with liver or CV diseases

• 1. used for laxatives & healing of wounds
• 2. may increase hypokalemia
• 3. use cautiously in patients with renal disease, f&E imbalance, diabetes

• 1. causes decrease in BP
• 2. May increase bleeding
• 3. manages menopausal sysmptoms

used for healing

• 1. causes immune suppression
• 2. cause liver inflammation
• 3. used for bacterial and viral infections
• 4. prevents and treats colds, coughs, flu, and bronchitis
• 5. used for wound healing
• 6. reduces inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
• 7. used for UTI's and vaginal candidiasis

• 1. transfusion of blood
• 2. alkalosis
• 3. kidney disease
• 4. drainging fistula
• 5. inadequate dietary intake

• 1.BONES: osteoporosis > fractures
• 2.CNS: tingling > convulsions
• 3.GI TRACT:increased peristalis > N/V and diarrhea
• 4.MUSCLES: Muscle spasms > tetany
• 5.CV: dysrhythmias > cardiac arrest

• 1.BONES: bone pain> osteoporosis > fractures
• 2.CNS: decreased deep tendon reflexes > lethargy > coma
• 3.KIDNEY: kidney stones > kidney damages
• 4.MUSCLES: muscle fatigue hypotonia > decrease GI tract motility
• 5. CV: depressed activity > dysrhythmias > cardiac arrest

• 1. loss from bones
• 2. excess intake