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DSM-IV-TR Classification axes (5)
- Clinical syndromes
- Personality disorders
- General medical conditions
- Psychosocial and environmental problems
- Global assessment of functioning
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Biological perspective in which abnormal behaviour is viewed as symptomatic of underlying illness
medical model
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Perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus that are confused with reality
hallucinations
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Criteria for determining abnormality (6)
- Behaviour is unusual
- Behaviour is socially unacceptable or violates social norms
- Perception or interpretation of reality is faulty
- The person is in significant personal distress
- Behaviour is maladaptive or self-defeating
- Behaviour is dangerous
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Having irrational suspicions
paranoid
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Firmly held but inaccurate beliefs that persist despite evidence that they have no basis in reality
delusions
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Form of delusional thinking characterized by false beliefs that one is being persecuted or victimized by others
ideas of persecution
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The model that explains abnormal behaviour in terms of supernatural forces
demonological model
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A 19th century treatment philosophy that emphasized that hospitalized mental patients should be treated with care and understanding in ap pleasant environment
moral therapy
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Group of antipsychotic drugs or "major tranquillizers" used in the treatment of schizophrenia
phenothiazines
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Steps in the scientific method (4)
- Formulating a research question
- Framing the research question in the form of a hypothesis
- Testing the hypothesis
- Drawing conclusions about the hypothesis
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Method of scientific research in which the behaviour of subjects is carefully and unobtrusively observed and measured in their natural environments
naturalistic-observation method
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Relationship or association between two or more variables
correlation
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Statistical relationship between two variables such that increases in one variable are associated with increases in the other
positive correlation
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Statistical relationship between two variables such that increases in one variable are associated with decreases in the other
negative correlation
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Research study in which subjects are followed over time
longitudinal study
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Relationship between tow factors or events in which one is necessary and sufficient to bring about the other
causal relationship
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factor in an experiment that is manipulated so its effects can be measured or observed
independent variable
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measure of outcome in a scientific study that is assumed to be dependent on the effects of the independent variable
dependent variable
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A state of being unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment
blind
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Method of research involved in tracking the rates of occurence of particular disorders among different groups
epidemiological method
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Carefully drawn biography that is typically constructed on the basis of clinical interviews, observations, psychological tests, and, in some cases, historical records
case study
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In behaviour therapy, a technique for helping a client acquire new behaviour by means of ahving the therapist or members of a therapy group demonstrate a target behaviour that is then imitated by a client
modelling
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In behaviour therapy, a practice opportunity in which a person enacts a desired response and receives feedback from others
rehearsal
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Freud
psychodynamic model
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The causes of abnormal behaviours lie in the interplay of forces within the unconscious mind
psychodynamic model
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Psychological problems may be rooted in the failures of society and lack of economic opportunity
sociocultural models
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Concepts of health and illness may have different meanings in different cultures
indiomatic concepts
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Abnormal behaviour patterns may take different forms in different cultures
idiosyncratic customs
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Any substances or conditions, such as drugs, x-rays, and infectious diseases, that interfere with normal prenatal development
teratogens
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Any substances or conditions, such as pesticides, heavy metals, or ionizing radiation, that produce heritable changes in cellular DNA
mutagens
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The sum total of inherited and acquired molecular variations to the genome that lead to changes in gene regulation without changing the DNA sequence of the genome itself
epigenome
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The study of the heritable and acquired changes in gene regulation (phenotype) that occur without affecting DNA sequence (genotype)
epigenetics
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Root-like structures at the end of neuron that receive nerve impulses from other neurons
dendrites
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Long, thin part of a neuron along which nervous impulses travel
axon
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In neuropsychology, the small branching structures found at the tips of axons
terminals
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Swollen ending of an axon terminal
knob
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Chemical substance that serves as a type of messenger by transmitting neural impulses from one neuron to another
neurotransmitter
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Junction between the terminal knob of one neuron and the dendrite or soma of another through which nerve impulses pass
synapse
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Part of a dendrite on the receiving neron that is structured to receive a neruotransmitter
receptor site
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Area of the hindbrain involved in the regulation of heartbeat and respiration
medulla
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Brain structure, located in the hindbrain, which is involved in respiration
pons
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Part of the hindbrain involved in co-ordination and balance
cerebellum
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Part of the brain involved in the processes of attention, sleep, and arousal
reticular activating system
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Structure in the brain involved in relaying sensory information to the cortex and in processes relating to sleep and attention
thalamus
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Structure in the lower middle part of the brain involved in regulating body temperature, emotion, and motivation
hypothalamus
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Group of forebrain structures, consisting of the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus that are involved in processes of learning and memory as well as basic drives involving hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression
timbic system
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Plays a key role in the formation of memories
hippocampus
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Involved in the regulation of defensive emotions like fear and anger
amygdala
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Ganglia located between the thalamus and the cerebrum in the brain that are involved in the coordination of motor activity
basal ganglia
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Large mass of the forebrain, consisting of two hemispheres
cerebrum
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Wrinkled surface area of the cerebrum (grey matter) responsible for higher mental functions
cerebral cortex
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Thick bundle of fibres that connects the two himispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
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Division of the peripheral nervous system that relays information from the sense organs to the brain and transmits messages from the brain to the skeletal muscles, resulting in body movements
somatic nervous system
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Division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the activities of glands and involuntary functions, such as respiration, heartbeat, and digestion
autonomic nervous system
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The study of how hereditary and environmental factors interact ot produce behaviour
behavioural genetics
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The unconscious psychic structure that is present at birth
id
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The psychic structure corresponding to the concept of the self
ego
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The psychic structure that represents the incorporation of the moral values of the parents and important others and floods the ego with guilt and shame when it falls short of making those standards
superego
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Defence Mechanisms in Psychodynamic Theory (8)
- Repression
- Regression
- Displacement
- Denial
- Reaction formation
- Rationalization
- Projection
- Sublimation
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Expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas or motives
repression
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The return of behaviour that is typical of earlier stages of development
regression
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The transfer of unacceptable impulses away from threatening persons toward safer or less threatening objects
displacement
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Refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire
denial
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Behaving in a way that is the opposite of one's true wishes or desires in order to keep these repressed
reaction formation
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The use of self-justifications to explain unacceptable behaviour
rationalization
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Imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another person
projection
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The channelling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits
sublimation
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Jung's psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes such concepts as the collective unconscious, the existence of archtypes, and the notion of the self as a unifying force of personality
analytical psychology
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In Carl Jung's theory, the hypothesized storehouse of archetypes and racial memories
collective unconscious
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Jung's concept of primitive images or concepts that reside in the collective unconscious
archetypes
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In Adler's view, the feelings of inferirority believed to be a central source of motivation
inferiority complex
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In Adler's theory, a term describing the desire to compenste for feelings of inferiority
drive to superiority
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In Adler's theory, the self-aware part of the personality that strives to achieve its potential
creative self
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Psychodynamic theory developed by Alfred Adler
individual psychology
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Erikson's Psychosocial Stages (8)
- Trust vs mistrust
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt
- Initiative vs guilt
- Industry vs role inferiority
- Identity vs role confusion
- Intimacy vs isolation
- Generativity vs stagnation
- Ego integrity vs despair
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a predisposition or vulnerability
diathesis
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A diathesis increases an individual's vulnerability to develop the disorder in response to stressful life circumstances
diathesis-stress model
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A conceptual model that emplasizes that human behaviour is linked ot complex interactions among biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
biopsychosocial model
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Behaviour therapy technique for overcoming phobias by means of exposure (in imagination or by means of slides) to progressively more fearful stimuli while one remains deeply relaxed
systematic desensitization
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In behaviour therapy, a method of overcoming fears through a stepwise process of direct exposure to increasingly fearful stimuli
gradual exposure
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Carl Roger's method of psychotheratpy, emphasizing the establishment of a warm accepting therapeutic relationship that frees clients to engage in a process of self-exploration and self-acceptance
person-centred therapy
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Psychological perspectives (4)
- Psychodynamic models
- Learning models
- Humanistic-Existential models
- Cognitive-Behavioural models
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Theories based on the belief that psychological problems are derived from unconscious psychological conflicts that can be traced to childhood
psychodynamic models
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The view that abnormal behaviour can be described in terms of not learning or underlearning appropriate, adaptive behaviours
learning models
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Theories that focus onn self-actualization and living authentically
Humanistic-Existential models
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Focus on the cognitions - the thoughhts, beliefs, expectations, and attitudes - that accompany and may underlie abnormal behaviour
Cognitive-Behavioural models
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The view that the ccauses of abnormal behaviour may reside in the failures of society rather than in the person
sociocultural perspectives
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The theory that human behaviour is linked to complex interactions among biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
biopsychosocial models
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Methods of Treatment (9)
- mental health professionals
- biological therapies
- psychodynamic therapies
- behaviour therapy
- humanistic-existential therapies
- cognitive-behavioural therapies
- eclectic therapy
- group, family, and marital therapy
- evaluating methods of treatment
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cluster of symptoms that is characteristic of a particular disorder
syndrome
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consistency of test responses across time, as measured by test-retest reliability
temporal stability
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reliability as measured by the cohesiveness or interrelationships of the items on a test or scale
internal consistency
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measure of internal consistency or reliability
coefficient alpha
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measure of reliability of a test based on the agreement between raters
interrater reliability
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degree to which the content of a test or measure represents the content domain of the construct it purports to measure
content validity
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the degree to which the content of a test or measure bears an apparent or obvious relationship to the constructs or traits it is purported to measure
face validity
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the degree to which a test or instrument correlates with an independent, external criterion representing the construct or trait that the test or instrumennt is intended to measure
criterion validity
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Methods of Assessment (8)
- The clinical interview
- Psychological tests of intelligence and personality
- Neuropsychological Assessment
- Behavioural Assessment
- Cognitive Assessment
- Physiological Measurement
- Concept of response systems
- Probing the workings of the brain
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The mental, emotional, or physical adaptation or adjustment an organism makes in the face of any tangible or perceived pressure or demand
stress
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Maladaptive reaction to an identified stressor or stressors that occurs shortly following exposure to the stressor(s) and results in impaired functioning or signs of emotional distress that exceed what would normally be expected in thhe situation
adjustment disorder
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In Hans Selye's view, the body's three-stage response to states of prolonged or intense stress
general adaptation syndrome
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Stages of the general adaptation syndrome (3)
- Alarm reaction
- Stage of resistance
- Stage of exhaustion
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the study of causality
etiology
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Belief that people are genetically prepared to acquire fear responses to certain classes of stimuli
prepared conditioning
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fear of fear
anxiety sensitivity
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Cognitive therapy method that involves replacing irrational or sself-defeating thoughts and attitudes with rational alternatives
cognitive restructuring
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Types of anxiety disorders (7)
- panic disorder
- agoraphobia
- generalized anxiety disorder
- phobic disorders
- obsessive-compulsive disorders
- posttraumatic stress disorder
- acute stress disorder
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Dissociative disorder in which a person has two or more distinct or alternative personalities
dissociative identity disorder
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4 major dissociative disorders
- dissociative identity disorder
- dissociative amnesia
- dissociative fugue
- depersonalization disorder
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disorder in which a person experiences memory losses in the absence of any identifiable organic cause (general knowledge and skills are usually retained)
dissociative amnesia
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faking illness so as to avoid or escape work or other duties, or to obtain benefits
malingering
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disorder in which one suddenly flies from one's life situation, travels to a new location, assumes a new identity, and has amnesia for past personal material
dissociative fugue
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feelings of unreality or detachment from one's self or one's body
depersonalization
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loss of the sense of reality of one's surroundings
derealization
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Disorders in which people complain of physical (somatic) problems, although no physical abnormality can be found
somatoform disorders
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Type of somatoform disorder characterized by loss or impairment of physical function in the absense of any organic causes that might account for the changes
conversion disorder
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Type of somatoform disorder involving recurrent multiple complaints that cannot be explained by any clear physical causes
somatization disorder
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the relief from anxiety obtained through the development of a neurotic symptom
primary gains
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side benefits associated with neuroses or other disorders, such as expressions of sympathy and increased attention from others, and release from ordinary responsibilities
secondary gains
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