PY399 Test #1

DSM-IV-TR Classification axes (5)

Biological perspective in which abnormal behaviour is viewed as symptomatic of underlying illness

Perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus that are confused with reality

Criteria for determining abnormality (6)

Having irrational suspicions

Firmly held but inaccurate beliefs that persist despite evidence that they have no basis in reality

Form of delusional thinking characterized by false beliefs that one is being persecuted or victimized by others

The model that explains abnormal behaviour in terms of supernatural forces

A 19th century treatment philosophy that emphasized that hospitalized mental patients should be treated with care and understanding in ap pleasant environment

Group of antipsychotic drugs or "major tranquillizers" used in the treatment of schizophrenia

Steps in the scientific method (4)

Method of scientific research in which the behaviour of subjects is carefully and unobtrusively observed and measured in their natural environments

Relationship or association between two or more variables

Statistical relationship between two variables such that increases in one variable are associated with increases in the other

Statistical relationship between two variables such that increases in one variable are associated with decreases in the other

Research study in which subjects are followed over time

Relationship between tow factors or events in which one is necessary and sufficient to bring about the other

factor in an experiment that is manipulated so its effects can be measured or observed

measure of outcome in a scientific study that is assumed to be dependent on the effects of the independent variable

A state of being unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment

Method of research involved in tracking the rates of occurence of particular disorders among different groups

Carefully drawn biography that is typically constructed on the basis of clinical interviews, observations, psychological tests, and, in some cases, historical records

In behaviour therapy, a technique for helping a client acquire new behaviour by means of ahving the therapist or members of a therapy group demonstrate a target behaviour that is then imitated by a client

In behaviour therapy, a practice opportunity in which a person enacts a desired response and receives feedback from others

Freud

The causes of abnormal behaviours lie in the interplay of forces within the unconscious mind

Psychological problems may be rooted in the failures of society and lack of economic opportunity

Concepts of health and illness may have different meanings in different cultures

Abnormal behaviour patterns may take different forms in different cultures

Any substances or conditions, such as drugs, x-rays, and infectious diseases, that interfere with normal prenatal development

Any substances or conditions, such as pesticides, heavy metals, or ionizing radiation, that produce heritable changes in cellular DNA

The sum total of inherited and acquired molecular variations to the genome that lead to changes in gene regulation without changing the DNA sequence of the genome itself

The study of the heritable and acquired changes in gene regulation (phenotype) that occur without affecting DNA sequence (genotype)

nerve cells

cell body

Root-like structures at the end of neuron that receive nerve impulses from other neurons

Long, thin part of a neuron along which nervous impulses travel

In neuropsychology, the small branching structures found at the tips of axons

Swollen ending of an axon terminal

Chemical substance that serves as a type of messenger by transmitting neural impulses from one neuron to another

Junction between the terminal knob of one neuron and the dendrite or soma of another through which nerve impulses pass

Part of a dendrite on the receiving neron that is structured to receive a neruotransmitter

Area of the hindbrain involved in the regulation of heartbeat and respiration

Brain structure, located in the hindbrain, which is involved in respiration

Part of the hindbrain involved in co-ordination and balance

Part of the brain involved in the processes of attention, sleep, and arousal

Structure in the brain involved in relaying sensory information to the cortex and in processes relating to sleep and attention

Structure in the lower middle part of the brain involved in regulating body temperature, emotion, and motivation

Group of forebrain structures, consisting of the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus that are involved in processes of learning and memory as well as basic drives involving hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression

Plays a key role in the formation of memories

Involved in the regulation of defensive emotions like fear and anger

Ganglia located between the thalamus and the cerebrum in the brain that are involved in the coordination of motor activity

Large mass of the forebrain, consisting of two hemispheres

Wrinkled surface area of the cerebrum (grey matter) responsible for higher mental functions

Thick bundle of fibres that connects the two himispheres of the brain

Division of the peripheral nervous system that relays information from the sense organs to the brain and transmits messages from the brain to the skeletal muscles, resulting in body movements

Division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the activities of glands and involuntary functions, such as respiration, heartbeat, and digestion

The study of how hereditary and environmental factors interact ot produce behaviour

The unconscious psychic structure that is present at birth

The psychic structure corresponding to the concept of the self

The psychic structure that represents the incorporation of the moral values of the parents and important others and floods the ego with guilt and shame when it falls short of making those standards

Defence Mechanisms in Psychodynamic Theory (8)

Expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas or motives

The return of behaviour that is typical of earlier stages of development

The transfer of unacceptable impulses away from threatening persons toward safer or less threatening objects

Refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire

Behaving in a way that is the opposite of one's true wishes or desires in order to keep these repressed

The use of self-justifications to explain unacceptable behaviour

Imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another person

The channelling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits

Jung's psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes such concepts as the collective unconscious, the existence of archtypes, and the notion of the self as a unifying force of personality

In Carl Jung's theory, the hypothesized storehouse of archetypes and racial memories

Jung's concept of primitive images or concepts that reside in the collective unconscious

In Adler's view, the feelings of inferirority believed to be a central source of motivation

In Adler's theory, a term describing the desire to compenste for feelings of inferiority

In Adler's theory, the self-aware part of the personality that strives to achieve its potential

Psychodynamic theory developed by Alfred Adler

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages (8)

a predisposition or vulnerability

A diathesis increases an individual's vulnerability to develop the disorder in response to stressful life circumstances

A conceptual model that emplasizes that human behaviour is linked ot complex interactions among biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Behaviour therapy technique for overcoming phobias by means of exposure (in imagination or by means of slides) to progressively more fearful stimuli while one remains deeply relaxed

In behaviour therapy, a method of overcoming fears through a stepwise process of direct exposure to increasingly fearful stimuli

Carl Roger's method of psychotheratpy, emphasizing the establishment of a warm accepting therapeutic relationship that frees clients to engage in a process of self-exploration and self-acceptance

Psychological perspectives (4)

Theories based on the belief that psychological problems are derived from unconscious psychological conflicts that can be traced to childhood

The view that abnormal behaviour can be described in terms of not learning or underlearning appropriate, adaptive behaviours

Theories that focus onn self-actualization and living authentically

Focus on the cognitions - the thoughhts, beliefs, expectations, and attitudes - that accompany and may underlie abnormal behaviour

The view that the ccauses of abnormal behaviour may reside in the failures of society rather than in the person

The theory that human behaviour is linked to complex interactions among biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Methods of Treatment (9)

cluster of symptoms that is characteristic of a particular disorder

consistency of test responses across time, as measured by test-retest reliability

reliability as measured by the cohesiveness or interrelationships of the items on a test or scale

measure of internal consistency or reliability

measure of reliability of a test based on the agreement between raters

degree to which the content of a test or measure represents the content domain of the construct it purports to measure

the degree to which the content of a test or measure bears an apparent or obvious relationship to the constructs or traits it is purported to measure

the degree to which a test or instrument correlates with an independent, external criterion representing the construct or trait that the test or instrumennt is intended to measure

Methods of Assessment (8)

The mental, emotional, or physical adaptation or adjustment an organism makes in the face of any tangible or perceived pressure or demand

Maladaptive reaction to an identified stressor or stressors that occurs shortly following exposure to the stressor(s) and results in impaired functioning or signs of emotional distress that exceed what would normally be expected in thhe situation

In Hans Selye's view, the body's three-stage response to states of prolonged or intense stress

Stages of the general adaptation syndrome (3)

the study of causality

Belief that people are genetically prepared to acquire fear responses to certain classes of stimuli

fear of fear

Cognitive therapy method that involves replacing irrational or sself-defeating thoughts and attitudes with rational alternatives

Types of anxiety disorders (7)

Dissociative disorder in which a person has two or more distinct or alternative personalities

4 major dissociative disorders

disorder in which a person experiences memory losses in the absence of any identifiable organic cause (general knowledge and skills are usually retained)

faking illness so as to avoid or escape work or other duties, or to obtain benefits

disorder in which one suddenly flies from one's life situation, travels to a new location, assumes a new identity, and has amnesia for past personal material

feelings of unreality or detachment from one's self or one's body

loss of the sense of reality of one's surroundings

Disorders in which people complain of physical (somatic) problems, although no physical abnormality can be found

Type of somatoform disorder characterized by loss or impairment of physical function in the absense of any organic causes that might account for the changes

Type of somatoform disorder involving recurrent multiple complaints that cannot be explained by any clear physical causes

the relief from anxiety obtained through the development of a neurotic symptom

side benefits associated with neuroses or other disorders, such as expressions of sympathy and increased attention from others, and release from ordinary responsibilities