Jessica

A compound that contains an –OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon

are alcohols, non-polar or polar

they are associated by hydrogen bonding in liquid state

alcohols have high or low boiling points?

Boiling points also increase with increasing molecularweight (increased London dispersion forces)
-the higher the chair, the higher to bp

are more soluble in water than hydrocarbons ofsimilar molecular weight (due to H-bonding with water).
- the more non-polar the less soluble in water

1. No reaction with strong bases
2.Dehydration to form alkenes
3.Oxidation to aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids

phenol DOES react with

Elimination of a molecule of water from adjacent carbon atoms gives an alkene.
is most often brought about by heating

1^o are the most difficult to dehydrate and require ___ temperatures

2^o undergo acid-catalyzed dehydration at somewhat ___ temperatures than 1^o

3^o generally undergo acid-catalyzed dehydration at temperatures only slightly ____ above room temperature

in dehydration of alcohols: the alkene with the product with the MOST alkyl groups is called

in dehydration of alcohols, the alkene product with the lower amount of alkyl groups is called the

in dehydration-hydration of alcohols the reactant side has a + H₂O makes the arrow favor what side

in dehydration-hydration of alcohols the reactant side has a - H₂O the arrow favors what side?

(loss of H or gain of O)

Oxidation of a 1^o alcohol gives an

oxidation of alcohol is commonly carried out using

oxidation of a 2^o alcohol gives a

Oxidation of tertiary alcohols are

It is sometimes possible to stop the oxidation at the aldehyde stage by

oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.

use common names to name these molecules

An ether in which one of the atoms in a ring is oxygen.

polar compounds, but weak dipole-dipole bodning

low boiling points and low molecular weight

they do not react with oxidation agents
they do not react with reducing agents
they are not affected by most acids or bases

inertness

a compound containing an sulfhydrhyl group (SH)

these are stinky,
have low molecular weights.
nonpolar covalent.
no hydrogen bonding
low bp.
less soluble in water than alcohols

mercaptan

these react with strong bases such as NaOH to from water-soluble salts

NaOH base H₂O> salt + water

Thiols are readily oxidized to disulfides (s-s) by

Oxidation of thiols

Nonsuperposable mirror images
they are different molecules

one object either the original object or the mirror object.
ex: hand

a carbon with four different groups bonded to it

an object that its mirror image is superposable, then they are identical and called

a mixture of equal amounts of two enantiomers

always comes in pairs

to assign a name to enantiomers
step 1: is it stereocenter?
step 2: assign priority of atoms directly attacted to stereocenter ( if same then go to next atom of that molecule) look @ P.table the higher atomic number the higher the priority
step 3: the lowest priority (4) has to face back
step 4: draw arrows from 1,2,3
step 5: if arrows turn right then R if arrows turn left then S

if the lowest priority of enantiomer to assign R or S is not facing back then just go through all steps and switch the S, or R at the end

for a molecule with n stereocenters the maximum number of possible steroiomers is

stereoisomers that are not mirror images but attachments are the same

light waves vibrating only in parallel planes
narrows light down

showing that a compound is capable of rotating the plane of plan-polarized light
rotates light

clockwise rotation of the plane of plane-polarized light indicated by +

counterclockwise rotation of the plane of plane-polarized light indicated by -