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Encoding
The Process of acquiring information and entering it into memory
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acoustic encoding
the mental representation of information as a sequence of sounds
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visula encoding
the mental representation of information as images
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semantic encoding
the mental representation of an experience by its general meaning
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storage
the process of maintaining information in memory over time
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retrieval
the process of recalling information stored in momory
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episodic memory
memory of an even that happened while won was present
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semantic memory
A type of memory containing generalized knowledge of the world
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procedural memory
a type of memory containing information about how to do things
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explicit memory
the process in which people intentionally try to remember something
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implicit memory
the unintentional influence of prior experiences
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levels-of-processing model
A view stating how well something is remembered depends on the degree to which incoming information is mentally processed
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maintenance reherarsal
repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory
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elaborative rehearsal
a memrization method that involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long-term memory.
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elaborative rehearsal
a memorization method that involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long-term memory
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transfer-appropriate processing model
a model of memory that suggests that a critical determinant of memory is how well the retrieval process match the original encoding process
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parallel distributed processing (PDP) models
Memory models in which new experiences changed one's overall knowledge base.
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information-processing model
a medel of memory in which information is seen as passing through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
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sensory memory
a type of memory that holds large amounts of incoming information very briefly, buy long enough for it to be processed further
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sensory registers
memory systems that hold incoming information long enough for it to be processed further
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selective attention
the focusing of mental resources on only part of the stimulus field
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short-term memory (STM)
the maintenance component of working memory, which holds unrehearsed information for a limited time
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working memory
the art of the memory system that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory.
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immediate memory span
the maximum number of item a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items
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chunks
stimuli that are preceived as one unit or as a peaningful grouping of information
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Brown-Peterson procedure
a method for determining how long information rematins in short-term memory
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long-term memory (LTM)
a relatively long-lasting stage of memory whose capacity to store new information is believed to be unlimited
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primacy effect
a characteristic of memory in which recall of the first two of three irems in a list is particularly good
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recency effect
a characteristic of memory in which recall is particulaly food for the last few items in a list
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retrieval cues
stimuli that aid the recall of recognition of information stored in memory
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encoding specificity principle
a principle stating that the abiliy of a cue to aid retrieval depends on the degree to wch it taps into information that was encoded at the time of the original learning
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context-dependent memory
memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled
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state-dependent memory
memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled.
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state-dependent memory
memory that is aided or impeded by a person's internal state
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spreading activation
a principle that explains how information is retrieved in semantic newtwork theories of memory
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schemas
mental representations of categories of objects, events, and people
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method of savings
measuring forgetting by computing the difference between the number or repetitions needed to lean and, after a delay, relearn the same material
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decay
the gradual disappearance of the mental representation of a stimulus
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interference
the process through which either the storage or the retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information
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retroactive interference
a cause of forgetting in which new information placed in memory inerteres with the abilit to recall information already in memory
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proactive interference
a cause of forgetting in which information already in memory interferes with the ability to remember new information
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anterogrady amnesia
a loss of memory for any even that occurs after a bgrain injury
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retrograde amnesia
a loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury
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