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3 Requirements for socialization
- Social interaction
- Language
- Love and affection
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Cooley's Looking Glass-Process
core of personality is concept of self-image, which we develop from the way others treat us.
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Mead's Role-Taking Process
- "The I and the me"
- Me= conforms social behavior
- I= individualistic: spontaneous, creative, impulsive
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Harry Harlow
- Maternal separation and social isolation among monkeys.
- Monkeys prefered cloth over wire mother.
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Anna and Isabelle
Isolated until 6
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Amala and Kamala
Indian feral children raised by wolves
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Helen Keller
Deaf and Blind
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Rene Spitz
Did research on the effect on orphans who received little attention.
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socialization
The process of interaction through which people learn what is necessary for social life
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conformity
Going along with one's peers, individuals of a person's own status, who have no special right to direct that person's behavior.
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anomie
Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
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anticipatory socialization
process by which an individual learns to assume a role in the future. e.g. playing house. As its later stages, individual becomes more practical and less idealistic
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Goffman and Dramaturgy
the method of analyzing social interactions as if the participants were performing on a stage. We follow scripts we've heard before. we are different on and off the stage
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deviance
an act considered by public consensu, or by the powerful, at a given time and place, to be a violation of some social rule
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anomie
social condition in which norms are absent, weak, or in conflict
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Merton's Strain Theory
Blames deviance on society's failure to provide all people with legitimate means to achieve success. Helps explain robbery, but not white-collar crimes.
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Hirschi's Control Theory
- social control leads to conformity, lack of social control leads to deviance. 4 types of social bonds:
- 1. attachment to conventional ppl and institutions (loving parents, making friends, enjoying school)
- 2. Committment to conformity (getting education, finding business)
- 3. Involvement in Conventional Activities (keep themselves busy)
- 4. Belief in moral validity of social rules.
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Conflict Theory
law enforcement favors the rich, oppresses the subordinate class into deviance, and spread ideologies that the lower class is crime prone and dangerous.
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Power Theory
powerful are more likely to engage in profitable deviances because of a stronger deviant motivation, greater deviant opportunity, and weaker social control
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Sutherland's Differential Association Theory
deviance is learned through interactions with other people. helps explain white collar crime
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Labeling Theory
being labeled as deviant leads people to see themselves as deviant and live up to this self-image.
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Solomon Asch
Three-line experiment on conformity. Nearly 1/3 students accepted majority's answer. groupthink
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Stanley Milgram
Voltage experiment
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Definition of Family
A group of people related by marriage, ancestry, or adoption who live together in a common household
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5 Functions of the Family (Functional theory)
- 1. sexual regulation
- 2. reproduction
- 3. socialization
- 4. economic cooperation
- 5. emotional security
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Social Diversity of Families
Minorities in general emphasize kinship
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Divorce Rates
Increased rapidly 50s-80s, but has declined slowly since.
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Single Parent families
- sharp increase last 3 decades.
- Also, number of single adults rising
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Crime rates for robbery, assault, burglary, etc.
US vs. England
England higher
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Rape, Murder
US vs. England
USA has highest rates for murder and rape in industrialized countries.
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Classic/Rational Choice Theory
utalitarian
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