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Two changes that mark childhood to young adulthood
1. Dramatic increases in height, weight, and body fat distribution
2. Changes in the reproductive organs that mark sexual maturity, as well as secondary sexual characteristics such as body and facial hair, and the growth of breasts
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How many lbs do adolecsent females and males gain during growth spurt?
Girls grow about 2 years before boys.
Girls begin growth spurt at age 11 and reach mature state at 15
Boys begin at 13 and reach mature stature at 17
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How large is the brain by the beginning of adolescence?
95% of adult size and weight -- myelination and synaptic pruning nearly complete
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Primary sex organs
organs of reproduction
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Secondary sex organs
physical changes not directly linked to reproduction
Ex: breasts and width of hips
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Menarche
onset of menstration in girls
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Spermarche
first spontaneos ejaculation of sperm containing fluid
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What does the hypothalmus do
produces hormones to the pituitary gland, triggering growth hormones
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What stimulates other glands to produce estrogen and testosterone?
Pituitary gland
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What is gentically regulated and is affected by health and nutrition?
The timing of puberty
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How many calories to boys and girls need per day when they are teenagers because of high growth and metabolic rates?
1 in every 7 kids are fat.
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Anorexia
irrational fear of being overweight - distorded body image - 15% of adolescents with an die
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Bulimia
binging and purging or use of laxatives
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Threats to adolescent well -being
auto accidents, firearms, high risk behavior death
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How are adolescents working memory and processing speed?
both adults levels are achieved during adolescents
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Kohlbergs Theory
- Preconventional level - moral reasoning based on external forces
- Conventional - look to societys norms for moral guidance
- Post conventional - morals are based on personal moral code
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Cultural differences in moral reasoning
eastern cultures put caring for others and familial obligation about individual rights.
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Carol Gilligans theory
Argues that Kohlbergs emphasis on justice is more applicable to men than women.
Primary emphasis for women is caring.
- Stage one - preoccupation with own needs
- stage two - caring for others
- stage three - caring in all human relationships and denuciation of violence/exploitation
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What are role transition?
when individuals assume new responsibilities and duties.
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What is the most common non-western transition marking adulthood?
marriage
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Non western cultures adult mark for boys and girls
- Boys - being able to provide, protect and impregnate
- Girls - menarche
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Average age of US college students
29
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When are you an adult?
Somewhere between 18 and 25.
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Physical strength in both sexes peak in...
late 20s and early 30s --- vision begins to decline in late 20s
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Leading causes of death in the US between 24-44
Accidents, cancer, heart disease, suicide, AIDS
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What is nicotine?
known potent teratogen
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What is binge drinking for males and females?
- Male - more than 5 drinks in a row
- Female - 4 or more
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What is BMI
ratio of body weight and height - recommended to less than 25
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Primary mental abilities include...
number, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, spatial orientation
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What is fluid intelligence
ability to be a flexible thinker
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What is crystallized intelligence
knowledge acquired by life experience
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Postformal thought
thinking that solutions must be realistic and that things are often not clear cut
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Stages of development of reflective judgment accoring to kitchener and king
optimal level of development - highest level of thinking capable
Skill acquisition is the gradual, haphhazard process of learning new abilities
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Implicit stereotypes
beliefs that we may not be aware of but may affect our behavior
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stereotype threat
fear of being judged by a negative sterotype baout a group to which one belongs
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Determing importance of age related social belief by examining..
content, strength and likelihood that the beliefs will be activated
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Social clock
expectation that future events will correspond to a certain age or date
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Self concept
result of integrating life story into a sense of self - influences how we interpret experiences and shape our sense of identity
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4 types of control
- 1. from within oneself
- 2. over oneself
- 3. over environment
- 4. from environment
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Primary control
behavior aimed at affecting external world
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secondary control
behavior that is intended to affect the internal world
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