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Contingency Research assesses the;
relationship between all combinations of categories of 2 variables
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A X2 test for independence can be used to;
Assess the statistical significance of contingency table data
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In correlational research, corr. coefficients describe the strength and direction of relations, which permit prediction. Correlations have suspect internal validity because of;
- the third variable problem
- Truncated range
- unknown direction of causation
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The cross-lagged-panel correlation procedure enhances the;
internal validity
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Experiments are internally valid because;
the causal variables and the direction of causation are known
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An experiment occurs when a particular comparison is produced while;
other aspects of the situation are held constant
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An experimental group receives;
the important levelof the independent variable
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A control group serves as the;
untreated comparison group or receives a comparison level of the independent variable
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Independent variable=
is manipulated
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Dependent variable =
is observed
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Your choice of participants, variables, and setting may all;
Distort the underlying psychological processes.
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Generalization can be enhanced by using;
- different participants
- different variables
- different settings
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Between Subjects Design Definition
- Separate groups of subjects receive different levels of the independent variable. To control for individual differences
- -Randomly assign subjects to groups or
- Match subject characteristics in each group
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Within subjects Design definition
- All subjects reveive all levels of the I.V.. To try to minimize carryover effects
- -Randomize the order of treatments, or
- -Counterbalance the order of treatments
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Increasing internal valididty in case studies use:
- Deviant case analysis
- Nonequivelent control
- Multiple dependent variables
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Icreasing internal validity in interrupted time series studies use:
- Nonequivalent control
- Multiple dependent variables
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Matching, be alert for:
- synergism
- regression artifacts
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Contingency Table:
a tabular presentation of allcombinations of categories of 2 variables, which allows the relationships between the 2 to be examined
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Relational Research
attempts to determine how 2 ormore variables are related to each other
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If youwant to stitistically analyze the data in a table,youwould use
chi square test forindependence
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Joint method of agreement and difference
If A occurs, then so will X, and if A does not occur, then neither will X
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Experimental Group
Group that gets the independent variable
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The designation for the untreated subjects is the ;
control group
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Null Result
Failure of an independent variable to control behavior
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Floor Effect
Already at the bottom of the scale. Cant do any worse
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Ceiling Effect
Cant get any higher... 100%
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Confoundings-
- unintended effects
- Their influence "confuses" the proper interpretation of the results
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Demand characteristics-
refers to the reactivity of the participants
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Negativistic Subject Role
participant who exhibits this role will attempt to sabotage ormess up the experiment
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Simulated experiment
is a way to control reactivity
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Variable Representative
- the ability to generalize across different experimental manipulations
- Example: ifa researcher were interested in whether background noise hurt reading comprehension, he might compare music with silence
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Counterbalancing refers to:
the systematic variation ofthe order of conditions in an experiment
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Observation-treatment-observation cannot be true reversal designs for 2 reasons:
- 1. the treatment is not under the experimenters control
- 2. most natural treatments, such as curriculum revision, are likely tohave long term carryover effects
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Maturation-
changes that nearly always can confound the results ofresearch concerned with natural treatments
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A major source of confounding in a long term time series is called
mortality
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Subject variable
- is some measurable characteristic of people
- Examples: IQ, weight, anxiety, race...
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Synergism
means that the combined effects of 2 or more variables are notadditive - the combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual components - which means that the variablesinteract
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Cross-sectional method-
Select children of different ages and then randomly assign half ofeach age group to one of the strategy conditions
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Time lag design
- aims at determining the effects of time of testing while holding age constant
- Design indicated along the diagonal
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Cross sequential design
involves testing 2 ormore age groups at 2 ormore time periods
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population
a complete set of measures
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Sample
is a subsetof a population
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Standard error of the mean
is the standard deviation of a distribution of sample means
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