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Homeostasis
Tendency to maintain a variable, such as temperature, within a fixed range
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Negative Feedback
Reduces discrepencies from set point
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Basal Metabolism
Rate of energy use while the body is at rest, used largely for maintaining a constant body temperature
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Poikilothermic
Maintaining the body at the same temperature as the environment
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Homeothermic
Maintaining nearly constant body temperature, within a fixed range
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Preoptic Area/Anterior Hypothalamus
POA/AH
Brain area important for temperature control
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Cytokines
Chemicals released by immune system that attacks infections and communicates with the brain in anti-illness behaviors
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Vasopressin
Pituitary hormone that raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water and therefore to secrete highly concentrated urine
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Antidiuretic Hormone
Pituitary hormone that raises blood pressure and lets kidneys to reabsorb water and therefore secrete urine
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Osmotic Pressure
Tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of high concentration.
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Osmotic Thirst
Thirst that results from an increase in the concentration of solutes in the body
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OVLT
Organum Vasculosum Laminae Terminalis
- Very sensitive to the osmotic pressure of the blood
- Brain structure on 3rd ventricle
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Subfornical Organ
SFO
Brain structure adjoining the 3rd ventricle where cell monitor blood volume and relay information to the preoptic area
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Supraoptic Nucleus
1/2 areas of the hypothalamus that control secretion of vasopressin
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Paraventricular Nucleus
Area of hypothalamus in which activity tends to limit meal size and damage leads to excessively large meals
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Angiotensin II
Hormone that constricts blood vessels, contributes to hypovolemic thirst
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Hypovolemic Thirst
Thirst provoked by low blood volume
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Sodium-Specific Hunger
Enhanced preference for salty tastes during a period of sodium deficiency
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Aldosterone
Adrenal hormone that causes the kidneys to conserve sodium when excreting urine
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Lactase
Enzyme necessary for lactose metabolism
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Herbivores
Animals that eat plants
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Omnivores
Animals that eat meat and plants
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Conditioned Taste Aversion
Learned avoidance of a food when consumption is followed by illness
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Sham-feeding
Control procedure for an experiment in which an investigator inserts an electrode into the brain but does not pass a current
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Vagus Nerve
10th cranial nerve that branches to the stomach and several other ograns, conveys info about stretching stomach walls
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Splanchnic Nerves
Nerves carrying impulses from thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord to the digestive organs to the spinal cord - conveys info about nutient content of food in the digestive system.
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Duodenum
Part of small intestine adjoining the stomach, first part of digestive system that digests food
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Cholecytokinin -CCK
Hormone released by the duodenum in response to food distension
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Insulin
Pancreatic hormone that facilitates the entry of glucose into the cells
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Glucagon
Pancreatic hormone that stimulates the liver to convery stored glycogen to glucose
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Leptin
Peptide released by fat cells; tends to decrease eating, party inhibits release of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus
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Arcuate Nucleus
Hypothalamic area with one set of neurons sensitive to hunger signals and another sensitive to satiety signals
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Ghrelin
Chemical released by stomach during food deprivation; also released in brain as a neurotransmitters which stimulates eating
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Melanocortin
Type of chemical that promotes satiety in the hypothalamus
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Neuropeptide Y
NPY
Inhibits activity of the paraventricular nucleus and thereby increaes meal size
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Agouti-related peptide
AgRP
Inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the areas of the hypothalamus that regulate eating
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Lateral hypothalamus
Area of hypothalamus that is important for the control of eating and drinking
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus
VMH
Region of the hypothalamus in which damage leads to faster stomach emptying and increased secretion of insulin
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