DNA structure, genes, proteins

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  1. what is DNA
    • deoxyribonucleic acid
    • hereditary molecule passed from parents to offspring
    • common to all living organisms
    • serves as the instruction manual for how to build an individual
    • makes up chromosomes
  2. where is DNA found
    • nucleus of eukaryotic cells
    • cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
  3. what is a chromosome
    • consists of a single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins
    • humans have 23 pairs
    • one chromosome from each pair is inherited from the mother and one from the father
  4. types of chromosomes
    • autosomes (n=22)
    • sex chromosomes (n=1) - sex chromosomes determine gender : XX=female XY=male
  5. karyotype
    image of an individual's complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location
  6. DNA structure
    • sugars and phosphates form the outside "backbone" of the helix
    • the bases form the internal "rungs" like steps on a twisting ladder
  7. who discovered the helical nature of DNA
    rosalind franklin
  8. who was credited for discovering the structure of DNA
    james watson and francis crick were given franklin's info about the helical nature by maurice wilkins
  9. describe DNA replication
    • hydrogen bonds that hold base pairs together are broken to unwind DNA
    • DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides using the rules of base pairing
  10. DNA replication is semi-conservative
    • at the end of DNA replication, 2 copies of the original DNA molecule exist
    • each molecule consists of an original and a new strand
  11. complementary base pairing and the base pairing rule
    • A always pairs with T
    • C always pairs with G
  12. steps of DNA replication
    • 1. DNA is complementary
    • 2. DNA is unwound
    • 3. DNA polymerase brings in nucleotides
    • 4. DNA ligase fills in gap
  13. gene
    • sequence of DNA that contains the in formation to make at least one protein
    • expressed when the cell uses the DNA instructions to make proteins
  14. genotype
    genetic make-up of an organism
  15. phenotype
    physical attributes of an organism
  16. chromosomes
    • contain gene sequences that code for proteins
    • consist of many genes along their length
  17. DNA has coding and noncoding regions
    • not all sequences of DNA serve as instructions for making proteins
    • DNA sequences that do not hold instructions to make cellular proteins are called noncoding regions
  18. regulatory sequence
    the part of a gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein produced
  19. coding sequence
    • the part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
    • this sequence determines the identity, shape and func tion of proteins
  20. allele
    alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences
  21. gene expression
    the process of using DNA instructions to make proteins
  22. 2 stages of gene expression
    • 1 transcription - cells produce molecules of mRNA from the instructions encoded within genes
    • 2 translation - mRNA codes for joining amino acids to make protein
  23. where do the 2 stages of gene expression occur
    • transcription - prokaryotes: cytoplasm ; eukaryotes - in the nucleus
    • translation - prokaryotes: ribosomes in the cytoplasm; eukaryotes: ribosomes on the rough ER
  24. mRNA
    the RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription
  25. steps of transcription
    • 1 RNA polymerase binds to the regulatory sequence just ahead of the gene's coding region. The DNA strands unwind, exposing the coding sequence of the gene.
    • 2 RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand. As it moves it "reads" the DNA coding sequence and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand according to the rules of base pairing except that in RNA adenine pairs with uracil
    • 3 as the mRNA strand is formed, it detaches from the DNA sequence. the DNA reforms its double-stranded helix
    • 4 once the mRNA molecule is complete, it leaves the nucleus. the gene remains part of the chromosome in the nucleus where it can be used again in transcription
  26. translation
    • uses the mRNA sequence to assemble the appropriate amino acid sequence of the protein
    • mRNA - specifies for amino acids
    • rRNA - make up ribosomes
    • rRNA - brings in amino acids
  27. rRNA
    type of RNA that make up ribosomes
  28. codon
    sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid
  29. steps of translation
    • 1 newly transcribed mRNA associates with a ribosome
    • 2 as the ribosome moves along the mRNA, it "reads" the mRNA sequence in groups of 3 nucleotides called codons. each codon specifies a particular amino acid, which is b4rought to the ribosome by tRNA, which uses its anticodon sequence to find a matching mRNA codon
    • 3 when the correct tRNA is in place, the specified amino acid is added to the growing chain. the ribosome moves on the the next codon.
    • 4 the finished amino acid chain detaches fromt he ribosome and folds into its 3D shape
  30. tRNA
    type of RNA that helps ribosomes assemble chains of amino acids during translation
  31. anti-codon
    • the part of a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon
    • tRNAs bring the amino acid based on the anti-codon
  32. what can affect phenotype
    • different alleles
    • mutations
  33. what happens when DNA is mutated
    may affect the proteins shape and function
  34. properties of amino acids
    • 1 hydrophobic
    • 2 polar
    • 3 acidic
    • 4 basic
    • 5 special
  35. PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
    • lab technique used to replicate a specific DNA ssegment
    • scientists add nucleotides, DNA polymerase, and primers (short segments of DNA that show the section to which the DNA polymerase should bind)
    • during each round of PCR, the 2 nucleotide strands separate. each strand is used as a template for complementary base pairing
    • continues at an exponential rate
  36. genome
    one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism
  37. noncoding regions of DNA
    • coding sequences of DNA are extremely similar from person to person, but noncoding sequences vary much more
    • provide a genetic fingerprint
  38. STR (short tandem repeat)
    • sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated
    • everyone has STRs in the same places along our chromosomes, but the exact length varies from person to person
  39. steps of making a DNA profile
    • 1 collect cells and extract DNA from crime scene evidence
    • 2 use PCR to amplify multiple STR regions
    • 3 separate STRs using gel electrophoresis
    • 4 the gel shows the results of amplifying 3 different STR regions. the separated segments of DNA create a specific pattern of bands that is visible under fluorescence and unique to each person
  40. gel electrophoresis
    • lab technique that separates fragments of DNA by size
    • utilizes electric current to make DNA migrate through gel
    • shorter fragments move further, whereas longer fragments remain near the top
  41. gene therapy
    • type of treatment that aims to cure disease by replacing defective genes with functional ones
    • requires knowing the gene of interest and inserting the gene into the genome for proper gene expression
    • takes years (~20) to develop so other biotech methods are used to generate drugs/treatment
  42. steps of making of a transgenic goat
    • 1 create hybrid gene - goat regulatory sequence and human antithrombin coding sequences are cut out of donor cell chromosomes and joined together using special enzymes
    • 2 microinjection and embryo transfer
    • 3 purify antithrombin from transgenic milk

Card Set Information

Author:
 babaghannouj
ID:
 113850
Filename:
 DNA structure, genes, proteins
Updated:
 2011-11-02 05:46:54
Tags:
DNA genes proteins
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Description:
biology 160
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