PSY 130

evidence leads to conclusion

you already have a conclusion, so you look for evidence to support it with selective attention.

Be open minded and skeptic.

Stable=To remember, Flexible=To learn

It requires reconstructing information instead of encoding a copy. Remembering interpreted information.

ST= Can repeat info right after receiving it. LT= Encoded deeper

Something that cannot be false

A network of biases. our brains think in categories and we tend to lump things into those categories

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An argument based on a lack of evidence. (Some people were accused of being communists in court, but they had no proof of being communists or NOT being communists)

Opinion based on careful examination of evidence

Opinion based on emotions

When you don't have enough evidence to prove something is true.

Experimental, Statistical, Anecdotal (based on personal experience- varies from person to person), Testimonial (someone else's experience)

Encoding= storing information to recall in short or long term memory. Decoding= analyzing and interpreting information.

Sensation= experiencing our senses (touch, taste, smell, sight). Perception= how we interpret the sensations and make sense of the environment. We encode these experiences into memory.

• Short term memory best represents consciousness.
• Two types of memory: Declarative=conscious memory, non declarative= unconscious

Ego.= Your belief is the most important. Ethno.= Your group's belief is most important.

Our senses are selective and biases affect the way we interpret reality.

Selective attention is not conductive to critical thinking because it is paying attention to things that fit in our schemas.

Points of view have no absolute truth, just a subjective value because everyone perceives things differently.

Dec= Episodic. Events we participated in memory (high school graduation, the time you broke your arm when you were 9) Non-dec= Semantic. Math, vocab, how to tie your shoelaces.

Survival, emotional, something interesting or something you understand.

Opinion= doesn't need evidence. Reasoned jud= the more evidence the better.

expectations of an event that directly or indirectly cause it to be true. (you expect a subject to react a certain way to the medication, the way you treat them may give them a placebo effect and they believe they are experiencing the side effects)

As your number of samples increases, the average of the samples is more likely to represent the population.

theory= explains an aspect of the natural world with evidence. hypothesis= an educated, testable guess.

Describe, explain, predict, control

Testability, Predictive power (Scope)- how much it proves, Parsimony (Simplicity. See 33)- Requires few assumptions, Conservativism (See 34)

When a person is not an expert in that field of testimony.

State claim, examine evidence, consider alternative hypothesis, rate each hypothesis.

the more simplistic the idea is- the less assumptions that can be proved wrong- the more likely it is to be true.

the idea is better if it is consistent with what we already know.

Correlation research= comparing 2 variables so we can learn how the 2 variables are related. The purpose is= we can make a prediction on one variable based on what we know about the other.

correlation does not equal causation. Through correlation research we can determine there is a relationship between academic success and self esteem, but it can't show if it increases or decreases self esteem. Other variables might play a role too.

Pos= Both variables increase or decrease at the same time (+1.00 is strong pos correlation) Neg= As one variable increases the other decreases (-1.00 is strong neg correlation)

Scientific method is about investigating nature to produce reliable knowledge.

One thing happens after the other, therefore the first event caused the second event. (You're sitting at a red light, you sneeze and the light turns green. Your sneeze did not effect the light.)

When it is believed that there is one simple cause for an outcome, when it may have been caused by a more complex myriad of joint causes.

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process of making something random- important for making statistical evidence reliable.

Validating a cause in scientific studies.

Con=textbook definition. Op=identifies observable conditions and how to measure them.

Provides a standard of what the group would normally do. (It's the group you give the placebo to, to compare to the group with the actual drug)

Our senses can trick us- selective attention and memory can change.

testimony by a party that is liked, so the statement is well received and therefore are more likely to believe them.

To create or collect evidence to prove a hypothesis.

A way you make a claim, not what you find, it's how you follow the procedure and eliminate biases and errors.

I think we know what this means..