bio12.txt

What are the main fxns of the nervous tissue:

List the three types of nerves:

List the three divisions of the afferent divisions:

List the two divisions of the efferent division:

List the three divisions of the autonomic division of the efferent divison:

List the six characteristics of neurons:

Define and Describe the Soma:

Define Dendrites:

Define Axon Hillock:

Define Axon:

Define Nucleus:

Define Ganglia:

Define Tract:

Define Nerve:

A neuron that has one axon and multiple dendrites, the most common type of neuron, is called:

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite are called:

Neurons that only have one single process (an axon) leading away from the soma is called:

_______ are the most common type of neuron

Define neruoglia or glial cells:

Describe the Fxn of the nervous system:

List the Periphereal Nervous system functional classification of neruons:

List the Central Nervous system fuctional classification of neurons:

Define, describe the fxns, and features of Neuroglia:

List the Neuroglia of the CNS:

List the Neuroglia of the PNS:

Describe the structure, fxn, and location of Astrocytes:

Describe the Astrocytes role in the Blood Brain Barrier:

Describe the structure, fxn and location of Ependymal cells:

Describe the structure, fxn and location of the microglia:

Describe the structure, fxn and location of oligodendrocytes:

List the structure, fxn, and location of schwann cells:

List the fxn and location of the Nodes of Ranvier:

Distinguish between neurons and glial cells:

Describe what multiple sclerosis is and how it effects the nervous system:

what is an electrical potential? (include the word polarized in your answer)

List two ways in which electrial potential can be increased:

List the factors that influence and maintain resting membrane potential:

The flow of sodium into a cell or potassium out of a cell is an example of :

Which ion is responsible for depolarization? repolarization? hyperpolarization?

Which ion has a stronger influence on the membrane's charge? why?

Compare and contrast local (graded potentials) and action potentials:

At what point does a local potential become and action potential?

True/False: All local potentials are all or nothing and have uniform strength

What division of the nervous system carries signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands?

brain
efferent
somatic sensory
afferent
spinal cord

The majority of cells in the nervous system are ________ which provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue.

satellite cells
multipolar neurons
unmyelinated fibers
glial cells
anaxonic neurons

Which of the following cell types is an important component of the blood-brain barrier and functions to nourish and regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons?

Schwann cell
microglia
ependymal cells
satellite cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes

____ ions have the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential. In a typical neuron the resting membrane potential is about ______.

K+ ; -70 mV
Na+ ; +35 mV
K+ ; +35 mV
Ca2+ ; +35 mV
ACh ; -70 mV
Na+ ; -70 mV

At resting membrane potential, the Na+ concentration is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

True
False

At resting membrane potential, the K+ concentration is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

True
False

Which of the following is FALSE regarding local potentials?


The strength of a local potential decreases as it spreads from the point of stimulation.

Local potentials are reversible if the stimulation stops before threshold is reached.

Local potentials can be either excitatory (depolarizing) or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing).

Local potentials, like action potentials, are "all-or-none": they either do not occur at all or exhibit the same peak voltage regardless of stimulus
strength.

List the events that occur before and during an action potential:

Depolarization is caused by the movement of ____ ions _____ the cell.


Na+ ; out of
K+ ; into
Na+ ; into
Ca++ ; into
K+ ; out of
Ca++ ; out of

Repolarization is caused by the movement of ____ions ______the cell.

Na+ ; into
Na+ ; out of
K+ ; out of
Ca++ ; out of
Ca++ ; into
K+ ; into

Hyperpolarization is caused by the movement of ____ions _____the cell.

K+ ; into
Ca++ ; into
Ca++ ; out of
Na+ ; into
K+ ; out of
Na+ ; out of

Signal conduction in a nerve fiber is fastest in neurons that are:

small and myelinated
large and unmyelinated
small and unmyelinated
large and myelinated

The _______ is the phase of an action potential in which no stimulus, no matter how strong, will trigger a new action potential.

inhibitory period
hyperpolarization
absolute refractory period
excitatory period
relative refractory period

how do anesthetics work to control pain?

Distinguish between absolute and relative refractory peiords?

Describe the factors that affect the rate of impulse conduction along an axon:

Distinguish between continuous and salatory conduction:

Expalin what is ment by presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron:

Describe the structure and fxn of chemical synapses:

Describe the mechanisms used to clear neurotransmitters from synapses and why this is necessary:

Summarize the different classes of neurotransmitters:

what are the three main types of neurotransmitters?

which one is ACh?

Explain the difference between excitatory and inhibitatory postsnyaptic potentials and the mechanism by which each is generated:

Explain the concept of summation and distinguish between temporal and spatial summation:

Put the following events in order:

a. neurotransmitters (NT) travel across synaptic cleft
b. Local potential occurs in soma
c. voltage-gated calcium channels open
d. membrane depolarzied to reach threshold at axon hillock
e. threshold reached in postsynaptic neuron
f. action potential occurs
g. EPSP's summate
h. NT released
i. chemical, light, or heat stimulus occurs
j. NTs open channels in postsynaptic neuron
k. NTs open channels at the dendrite

what is the term used to describe a neuron's ability to process, recall and store information and make decisions?

which of the following is in the correct order for the firing of an action potential?

a. hyperpolarization, K+ channels open , threshold is reached, Na+ channels open
b. Na+ channels open, K+ channels open, threshold is reached, hyperpolarization
c. threshold is reached, hyperpolarization, k+ channels open, Na+ channels open
d. threshold is reached, Na+ channels open, K+ channels open, hyperpolariztion

which of the following is false regarding excitatory post snyaptic potenial (EPSP)?

a. the membrane becomes deploarized with a single EPSP
b. epsp are caused by the flow of positive ions out of the cell
c. epsps make an action potenital more likely to occur
d. epsp are local potentials that can summate

action potentials are conducted most rapidly down axons that are:

a. big and myelinated
b. big and unmyelinated
c. small and myelinated
d. small and unmyelinated

on a myelinated axon, the spaces between the myelin are called:

a. nodes of ranvier
b. internodes
c. inital segments
d. axon hillock
e. neurolemma

The myelination of nerves within the CNS is a role of the:

a. astrocyes
b. oligodendrocyte
c. schwann cell
d. ependymal cells

which of the following best describes the relative refractory peroid of an action potenital?

a. the time it takes to travel down the length of the axon
b. the time it takes to jump from one node to another
c. the phase in which no stimulation will generate an additoinal action potential
d. the phase in which only a strong stimulation will generate an additional action potential