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•Genomes are highly dynamic (3)
- –Chromosomes break and fuse
- –Chromosomal pieces are lost or duplicated
- –Whole chromosome sets are duplicated
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Deletion:
Removal of a segment of DNA
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Duplication:
Increase in the number of copies of a chromosomal region.
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Inversion:
Half-circle rotation of a chromosomal region
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Translocation
Nonreciprocal:
Unequal exchanges between non-homologous chromosomes
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Translocation
Reciprocal:
Parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes trade places
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Transposition:
Movement of short DNA segments from one position in the genome to another.
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Aneuploidy:
Loss or gain of one or more chromosomes producing a chromosome number that is not an exact number of the haploid number
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The final heavy chain antibody gene is ______ together from a set of many sub-modules.
spliced
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Inversion is a _____ degree flip of DNA fragment:
-Pericentric, _____ centromer
-Paracentric, ______ to centromer
180; includes; adjacent
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Robertsonian Translocation
Read on it
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Philadelphia Chromosome and Leukemia.
Explain.
- Leukemia patients have too many white blood cells.
- C-abl is proto-oncogene and is a tyrosine kinase which regulate the cell cycle.
- The hybrid protein cannot be regulated anymore and is always "on" which causes an abnormal growth of white blood cells and creates cancer.
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Transposition:
movement of small pieces of DNA from one position to another
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Transposable elements (TE): all DNA segments that can move from ______ to ____ within a ____
also called "_____"
place; place; genome; selfish
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Retro(trans)posons:
Jump around with _________.
Need _______ to copy RNA to DNA.
RNA intermediate; reverse transcriptase
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Transposons:
Move around _____ RNA _____
The ends are inverted ______
without; intermediate; repeats
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What is and are examples of Aneuploidy?
- Loss or gain of one or more chromosomes
- - Trisomy 21, 18, 13
- - Klinefelter XXY
- - Turner X0
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Autotetraploidy:
All chromosomes are from the same species
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Allotetraploidy:
chromosome sets are from distinct but similar species
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