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Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Cerebral cortex
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Wernicke’s area
- Broca’s area
- Basal ganglia
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla
- Spinal cord
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Components of the Central Nervous System
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Structure and Function 1(cont.)
- Pathways of the CNS
- Crossed representation
- Sensory pathways
Motor pathways
- Upper motor neurons
- Lower motor neurons
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Structure and Function 2(cont.)
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
- Autonomic nervous system
- Reflex arc
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Subjective Data—Health History Questions
- Headache
- Head injury
- Dizziness/vertigo
- Seizures
- Tremors
- Weakness
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Health History Questions
- Incoordination
- Numbness or tingling
- Difficulty swallowing
- Difficulty speaking
- Significant history
- Environmental/occupational hazards
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Objective Data—The Physical Exam
- Preparation
- Screening neurologic examination
- Complete neurologic examination
- Neurologic recheck
- Equipment needed
- Penlight
- Tongue blade
- Cotton swab
- Cotton ball
- Tuning fork (128 or 256 Hz)
- Percussion hammer
- Occasionally need: familiar aromatic
- substance
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Test Cranial Nerves
- I—Olfactory
- II—Optic
- III—Oculomotor, IV—Trochlear, VI—Abducens
- V—Trigeminal
- Motor function
- Sensory function
- Corneal reflex
- VII—Facial
- Motor function
- Sensory function
- VIII—Acoustic (vestibulocochlear)
- IX—Glossopharyngeal, X—Vagus
- Motor function
- Sensory function
- XI—Spinal accessory
- XII—Hypoglossal
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Objective Data—The Physical Exam
Motor System—Inspect and palpate
- Muscles
- Size
- Strength
- Tone
- Involuntary movements
- Cerebellar function
- Balance tests
- Coordination and skilled movements
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Objective Data—The Physical Exam
- Sensory System
- Person is alert, cooperative, and
- comfortable
- Guidelines for sensory testing
- Spinothalamic tract
- Pain
- Temperature
- light Touch
- Posterior column tract
- Vibration
- Position (kinesthesia)
- Tactile discrimination (fine
- touch)
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