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what age did christopher reeves die at and how?
age 52 from cardiac arrest due to antibiotic
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what was christopher reeves injury?
- spinal cord crushed at C2 destroying all afferent and efferent signals
- couldnt breathe on own but after 5 years could move little finger
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approx how many people reported some source of paralysis?
5,596,000
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approx how many people reported paralysis due to spinal injury?
1,275,000
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what was the percent of people whose cause of paralysis was by stroke, spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis?
29, 23, 17
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what was the main cause of spinal cord injuries?
workplace 28% (362,000)
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how many spinal nerves are there?
31
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what are the 4 spinal regions?
- cervical-8 pairs serve chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms and hands
- thoracic- 12 pairs connect back to abdominal muscles and intercostal muscles
- lumbar- 5 pairs lower abdomen, thighs and legs
- sacrum- 6 pairs connect leg, feet and anal and genital areas
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what do cervical injuries result in?
quadriplegia
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injuries above C4 may require _______ to breathe
ventilator
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what do C5 injuries result in ?
shoulder and bicep control. but no control at wrist or hand
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what do C6 injuries result in ?
wrist control but no hand function
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individual with _____ to ____ injuries can straighten their arms
C7, T1
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injuries at the thoracic level result in _________, with the hands not affected
paraplegia
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at _____ to ____ there is control of the hands , but poor trunk control
T1, T8
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which type of injuries yield decreasing control of hip flexors and legs?
lumbar and sacral
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lower injuries allow bad trunk control and sitting balance is bad (T/F)
F
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how many cranial nerves are there?
12
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what are the 4 descending (efferent) tracts to muscles?
- lateral corticospinal tract
- Rubrospinal tract
- reticulospinal tract
- vestibulospinal tract
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lateral corticospinal tract
- begin in primary cortex
- descend through left and right thalamus
- responsible control limb movements
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rubrospinal tract
red nucleaus with pons control fine movements and coordination
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reticulospinal tract
- originate in reticularformation
- control automatic movement and muscle tone
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vestibulospinal tract
control balance and orientation in space
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____ dermatomes areas feed sensory afferent info back to the -_____
30, brain
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each pair of spinal nerves end in a network of skin receptors called ______
dermatomes
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what is the process of how a stimulus is carried through the body? (ex touching hot substance)
- visual stimulus
- frontal lobe command movement
- spinal cord carry info to hand
- motor neuron carry info to hands and muscles
- sensory receptors from hand send message to sensory cortex
- sensory cortex recieve message
- basal ganglia judge grasp force and cerebellum correct errors
- spinal cord sends sensory info to brain
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what is nerve conduction velocity used to test?
- nerve function
- speed impulses through a nerve
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what is the f-wave measured?
speed of tranmision between two points
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what is f wave latency in upper and lower extremeties?
- upper- 25-32 ms
- lower- 45-56 ms
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in adults 15 and above does f latency differ?
nope
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