Separation of pairs of alleles during production of gametes
independent assortment
random alignment
dizygotic
fraternal twins
monozygotic
identical twins
genotype
both traiths you have (what is possible)
phenotype
the trait you see
hetrozygous
2 different alleles for one gene
homozygous
2 of same alleles for 1 gene
codominance
more than 1 dominant allele in a gene
incomplete dominance
dominant allele may have different affects
how does Huntington's differ from cystic fibrosis in genetics?
only 1 copy of the gene is needed
heritability
which portion of variation within a population can be explained by genetic differentiation
polygenic traits
traits influenced by many genes
artificial selection
controlling reproduction of individual organisms to influence phenotype in next generation
regulating amounts of protein produced by a cell is know as regulating gene expression
true
protein synthesis
using the instructions carried by a gene to build a particular protein
the structure of a protein is the result of the order of amino acids
true
How is RNA different from DNA?
RNA uses uracil instead of thymine, RNA is single stranded and DNA is double, RNA can eave the nucleus
What carries instructions from the DNA
RNA or ribonucleic acid
List 2 processes for making proteins
transcription
translation
Define RNA polymerase
the enzyme that synthesizes RNA
Define promoter
The beginning of every gene
How is mRNA formed?
RNA polymerase unzips the DNA strand and uses it as a template to tie RNA nucleotides in the complementary pattern
What are the types of RNA?
Ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA
transfer RNA
What are the steps of translation to make a protein?
Messenger RNA attaches to the ribosome and transfer RNA brings the amino acid to the ribosome. The codon on the mRNA matches with anticodon of the tRNA ensuring the right amino acid placement in the peptide chain that will eventually be a complete protein
Redundancy
the fact that more than one condon can code for the same amino acied
Codons can not code for more than one amino acid
true
how does the protein synthesis end?
when the ribosome hits the stop codon on the mRNA
The genetic code is universal and all organisms decode the same gene to produce the same protein
true
A mutation can have no effect on protein synthesis
True
frameshift mutation
all necleotides located after an insertion or deletion of a base that regroups the codons into completely different codes and thereby creating non-functioning protein
transcription happens where
the nucleus
translation happens where?
the cytoplasm
cloning
making many copies of a gene
genome
information about al of the genes present in a particular organism
plasmid
a circular piece of DNA that normally exists separate from the bacterial chromosome, It allows for genetic modifications
bacteria can now produce human insulin
true
genetically modified organism
When a gene from one organism is incorporated into the genome of another organism
stem cells
cells that are able to produce many different kins of tissues because they are undifferentiated
Not all stem cells come from in vitro fertilization
true - adult stem cells exist
forensic science
Science used in legal system
what is the phenotype ration of a dihybrid cross punnett square?
9:3:3:1
pleiotropy
ability of a single gene to cause multiple effects on a phenotrype
Define X inactvation
inactivation of one or 2 chromosomes in x x female gene
hemophilia
no clotting factor 8
sex determiniation is because of ___ chromosomes
Y
X-linked genes
any gene located on x chromosomes
3 examples of X linked genes
cystic fibrosis
color blindness
hunington's
Define pedigree
family tree that follows the inheritance of genetic traits for many generations
DNA fingerprinting
genetic ID techniques that take advantage of differences in DNA sequences between all people other than identical twins