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Life Cycle
growth and reproduction of an individual
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Gametes are produces by the process of
Meiosis
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Chromosomes
bundle of genes
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Gene
Segments of DNA that code for proteins
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Homologous pair
each set of equivalent chromosomes
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Segregation
Separation of pairs of alleles during production of gametes
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independent assortment
random alignment
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dizygotic
fraternal twins
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monozygotic
identical twins
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genotype
both traiths you have (what is possible)
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phenotype
the trait you see
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hetrozygous
2 different alleles for one gene
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homozygous
2 of same alleles for 1 gene
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codominance
more than 1 dominant allele in a gene
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incomplete dominance
dominant allele may have different affects
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how does Huntington's differ from cystic fibrosis in genetics?
only 1 copy of the gene is needed
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heritability
which portion of variation within a population can be explained by genetic differentiation
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polygenic traits
traits influenced by many genes
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artificial selection
controlling reproduction of individual organisms to influence phenotype in next generation
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regulating amounts of protein produced by a cell is know as regulating gene expression
true
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protein synthesis
using the instructions carried by a gene to build a particular protein
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the structure of a protein is the result of the order of amino acids
true
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How is RNA different from DNA?
RNA uses uracil instead of thymine, RNA is single stranded and DNA is double, RNA can eave the nucleus
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What carries instructions from the DNA
RNA or ribonucleic acid
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List 2 processes for making proteins
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Define RNA polymerase
the enzyme that synthesizes RNA
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Define promoter
The beginning of every gene
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How is mRNA formed?
RNA polymerase unzips the DNA strand and uses it as a template to tie RNA nucleotides in the complementary pattern
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What are the types of RNA?
- Ribosomal RNA
- Messenger RNA
- transfer RNA
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What are the steps of translation to make a protein?
Messenger RNA attaches to the ribosome and transfer RNA brings the amino acid to the ribosome. The codon on the mRNA matches with anticodon of the tRNA ensuring the right amino acid placement in the peptide chain that will eventually be a complete protein
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Redundancy
the fact that more than one condon can code for the same amino acied
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Codons can not code for more than one amino acid
true
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how does the protein synthesis end?
when the ribosome hits the stop codon on the mRNA
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The genetic code is universal and all organisms decode the same gene to produce the same protein
true
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A mutation can have no effect on protein synthesis
True
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frameshift mutation
all necleotides located after an insertion or deletion of a base that regroups the codons into completely different codes and thereby creating non-functioning protein
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transcription happens where
the nucleus
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translation happens where?
the cytoplasm
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cloning
making many copies of a gene
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genome
information about al of the genes present in a particular organism
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plasmid
a circular piece of DNA that normally exists separate from the bacterial chromosome, It allows for genetic modifications
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bacteria can now produce human insulin
true
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genetically modified organism
When a gene from one organism is incorporated into the genome of another organism
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stem cells
cells that are able to produce many different kins of tissues because they are undifferentiated
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Not all stem cells come from in vitro fertilization
true - adult stem cells exist
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forensic science
Science used in legal system
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what is the phenotype ration of a dihybrid cross punnett square?
9:3:3:1
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pleiotropy
ability of a single gene to cause multiple effects on a phenotrype
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Define X inactvation
inactivation of one or 2 chromosomes in x x female gene
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hemophilia
no clotting factor 8
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sex determiniation is because of ___ chromosomes
Y
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X-linked genes
any gene located on x chromosomes
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3 examples of X linked genes
- cystic fibrosis
- color blindness
- hunington's
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Define pedigree
family tree that follows the inheritance of genetic traits for many generations
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DNA fingerprinting
genetic ID techniques that take advantage of differences in DNA sequences between all people other than identical twins
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