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Who is strongly link to classical coniditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
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Who is strongly linked to Operant Conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
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Who is strongly linked to Law and Effect?
Edward Thorndike
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Who is strongly linked to Little Albert
John B Watson
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Who is strongly linked to Social Learning/Modeling Theory?
Albert Bandura
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Who is strongly linked to cognitive maps?
Edward C Tolmon
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Who is strongly linked to Insight Learning?
Wolfgang Kohler
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Which form of learning was studied/discovered first according to our lectures?
Classical Conditioning
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Instrumental Learning is another name for:
Operant Conditioning
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Type 1 is another name for:
Operant Learning
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In which form of learning do we say that a behavior is elicited?
Classical Conditioning
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Recognize an example of Operant Conditioning
A form of learning where the consequence of behavior leads to change the probability of it occurance; Strenghtens intensity, duration, and requency
Example: You bite into and apple, the apple tastes good, you bite into the apple again.
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Recognize an example of Classical Conditioning
MUST FIND ANSWER
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Example of unconditioned reflex
- Unconditioned = Natural/ NOT learned
- Example: Hiccups, burping, blinking
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What is the basic difference between a conditioned and unconditioned reflex?
- Conditioned - Learned
- Unconditioned - Natural
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Conditioned Reflex
Stimulus that changed meaning
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Recognize an example of positive reinforcement
when a consequence of behavior leads to an increase
in the probability of repeating (consequence are positive)
Behavior increases due to an increase of pleasure
eating candy increases pleasure; getting money for cleaning room increases pleasure
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In what order must the stimuli be presented in classical conditioning?
Conditioned Stim (CS) -> Unconditioned Stim (UCS) -> To elicite a Conditioned Response (CR) similar to a UCR
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What is Primary Generalization?
A form of Classical Conditioning where similar stim provides similar responses based on the physical stim
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What is Secondary Generalization?
Form of Classical Conditioning based upon things with similar meaning/catagory
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What is flooding?
A way to get over a negative association (Fear) by over exposing to it.
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What is extinction?
Process of unlearning a learned response because the removal of the original source. Happens when the response to the CS dies out.
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What is systematic desensatization?
A way of gradually removing a fear
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What is the fundamental differences between Primary and Secondary reinforcers
Operant Conditioning
Primary- No learning involved (Food, water, ect) - Secondary - Learned through friends family and culture (Money, good grades, status)
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Punishment
A negative consequence of a behavioe that leads to a temporary hold/decrease in that behavior
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Recognize example of positive reinforcement
A consequence of a behavior that will most likely lead to the increase of that behavior
"Get money for a good report card"
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Example of Negative Reinforcement
A behavior that is strengthened because something negative or painful is removed
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What determins how strong a reinforcer is?
The time between the conditoined stim and the conditioned response (Fixed 1:1)
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What is an intermittent reinforcement schedule?
Variable schedule where sometimes the reinforcer is given and sometimes it isnt.
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What is the fundamental difference between an interval schedule and a ratio schedule?
Interval schedule – Happens at any given time
Ratio Schedule – 1:3 or 2:4 in any order
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What type of reinforcement schedule shapes a
behavior the quickest?
Fixed Ratio 1:1
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What is a successive approximation of a behavior?
Shaping in the right direction to goal behavioe even it if isnt to par
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What is escape training/conditioning?
Operant Conditioning in which the behavior is reinforced because it caused a negative event to stop
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What happens to a behavioe when Punishment is used?
The behavior is temporarly reduced and frequency reduces
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What type of reinforcement schedule is more resistant to extinction?
Intermitent Schedules (Longer to learn and Longer to forget)
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How does learning occur according to social modeling theory?
The most important parts of our behavior are learned from other persons in society (family, friends and culture)
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What is an engram?
Just another name for memory. That “Something” that remains after learning.
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What is a consolidation period?
The gradual strengthening of chemical changes in synapses following learning experiences; The amount of time it takes to retain a memory
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What is episodic memory?
The kind of LTM that stores information aboutexperiences that took place at specific times and in specific places (Don't remember until something jogs your memory about it)
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What is declarative memory?
Declarativeis being able to describe something ( being able to describe a guitar but not how to play it)
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What is procedural memory?
Memoryfor skills and other procedures (riding a bike, swimming ect)
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What are the characteristics of sensory memory?
First stage of memory; in which an exact image of each sensory experience is held briefly until It can be processed. Large capacity VERY short term
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What do we confuse in short term memory?
Things that sound alike
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What effects do stimulants have on memory formation?
Enhance memory formation
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What neurotransmitter is associated with memory formation?
Acetylcholine
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What is proactive interference?
When the recall of the past info interferes with recollation of new info
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What is retroactive interference?
When new info interfers with the recollation of old info
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What is failure to consolidate?
Failure to form a new physical memory(Biological memory)
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What is a repressed memory?
A memory of a traumatic experience unconsciously retained in the mind and unavailable for recall
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What role does the hippocampus play in memory?
Forms new memories
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What role does the amygdala play in memory?
Involved in emotional memories
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What effect does alcohol play on memory?
Kills brain cells and destroys memories
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What is anterograde amnesia?
Having a difficult time forming new memories
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What is retrograde amnesia?
Having difficulty recalling old memories
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