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craigalangray
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Basidium
- Sexual fruiting organ of Basidiomycetes
- May or may not be in a basidiocarp
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Basidiospore
- Sexual spore of Basidiomycetes
- 1N, typically produce 4 per basidium
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Teliospore
- In rust & smut fungi
- where karyogamy occurs N+N to 2N
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Probasidium
- Germinates from an overwintered teliospore
- Meiosis occurs 2N to 1N and 4 basidiospores (1N) are formed on the basidium
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Rust Fungi
- no basidiocarp, yes basidium
- multiple spore stages
- may require two hosts to complete life cycle
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Macrocyclic
3 to 5 spore stages
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Microcyclic
less than 3 spore stages
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Alternate Host
infected by basidiospores
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Primary Host
- infected by aeciospores from alternate host
- host on which teliospores form
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Rust Fungi Plasmogamy occurs...
between pycniospores and receptive hyphae in the pycnidium
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Rust Fungi Karyogamy occurs...
in the developing teliospore
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Rust Fungi Meiosis occurs...
in the germinating teliospore/probasidium
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Black Stem Rust of Wheat
- Puccinia graminis f. sp. triticiMacrocyclic and heteroecious
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Black Stem Rust of wheat spore stages
- IV Basidiospore 1N
- 0 Pycniospore 1N
- I Aeciospore N+N
- II Urediospore N+N
- III Teliospore 2N
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Black Stem Rust of Wheat Alternate Host
- Barberry
- Infected by basidiospores 1n
- Forms Pycnidium, Pycnidiospores 1n and recep hyphea (Plasmogamy)
- Forms aecium and aeciospores N+N
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Black Stem Rust of Wheat Primary Host
- Wheat
- Infected by aeciospores
- Forms uredinia and urediniospores N+N
- Forms telia and teliospores 2n Karyogamy
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Soybean Rust
- Phakopsora pachyrhiziAutoecious - microcyclic
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Soybean Rust spore stages
Urediniospores & Teliospores
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Rust Diseases Management
- Resistant varieties when available
- Fungicides when affordable
- Eradication of Host
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Smuts
- Usually produce only Teliospores and Basidiospores
- No Basidiocarp
- Often attack the ovaries of grains producing large amounts of inoculum
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Stinking Smut of Wheat
- Tilletia triticiM.M Tillett 1755
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Corn Smut
- Ustilago maydis
- 2n Teliospores
- Basidium
- 1n Basidiospore
- Teliospore
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Armillaria/Shoestring Root Rot
Armillaria mellea
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Tobacco Mosaic Virus Firsts
- Shown infectious
- Shown to reproduce in vivo
- Virus crystalized from infected plant
- Seen
- Characterized
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6 Intrinsic Properties of Viruses
- Infectious - Mayer
- Small - Ivanowski
- Reproduce in plants - Beijernick
- Have Protein - Stanley
- Have nucleic acid RNA - Bawden
- RNA is infectious part - Frankel-Conrat
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Virus Morphologies (4)
- Rigid Rods
- Flexuous Rods
- Icosahedral
- Bacilliform
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Aphids
- Homoptera, Aphididae
- Potyviruses & BYDV
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Leafhoppers
Homoptera, Cicadellidae
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Whiteflies
- Homoptera, Aleyrodidae
- Gemini Virus
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3 ways insects transmit viruses
- Nonpersistent
- Persistent
- Persistent, Circulative
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Tobacco Mosaic Virus
- Rigid Rod
- Transmitted machanically
- Wide Host Range
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Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
Infects...
Vectored...
Morph...
- Cereal Grasses
- Aphids
- Icosahedral, ssRNA, Persistant & Circulative
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Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Infects...
Vectored...
Morph...
- 650 diff plants
- Thrips
- Icosahedral
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TSWV symptoms
Spotting, wilting, necrosis
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Phlyum for seg round worms
Annelida
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Phylum & Host for flat worms
- Platyhelminthes
- Human & Animals
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Phylum & Host for non-segmented round worms
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PPN
affect
may be
may be
have
- mostly roots but also leaves and stems
- ectoparasitic or endoparasitic
- sedentary or migratory
- stylet
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PPN Life cycle stages
Egg, Juv (J1 to J4), and adult
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3 most economically important PPN
- Root Knot
- Soybean Cyst
- Lesion
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Root Knot Nematode
- Meloidogyne incognita, M. haplaSedentary, endoparasitic
- Female induces plant to make 'giant cells' on which she feeds
- Body swells into a large egg mass
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Soybean Cyst Nematode
- Heterodera glycinesSedentary, endoparasitic
- Female induces feeding site "syncytium"
- Female body swells with eggs, becomes hard cyst
- Cyst falls to ground & overseasons
- Releases eggs in spring
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Lesion Nematode - Potato Early Dying Disease
- Pratylenchus
- 400+ dicots & monocots
- migratory, endoparasitic
- symptoms are lesions, not galls
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Nematode Management
- Resistant Varieties
- Crop Rotation w non host
- Field Flooding
- Soil Fumigation
- Bio Control
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