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Can you use lower or higher octane?
Higher - NEVER LOWER
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Hydraulic system components
- Reservoir
- Pump
- Actuator
- Valves
- Lines
- Ex: Breaks, flaps, ailerons
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Avionics
- Comm
- NAV
- GPS
- Transponder
- ADF
- DME
- Audio Panel
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System Def:
Assembly/Combination of parts forming complex whole
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Types of Systems
- Hydraulic
- Electrical
- Pneumatic
- Mechanical
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Reciprocating Process (Four Stroke)
- Intake
- Compression
- Power
- Exhaust
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Cylinder Arrangement Types
- Radial
- Inline
- V
- Horizontally Opposed
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Engine Controls (Fixed Pitch)
Throttle/Mixture
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Ignition System
- Magnetos
- Spark Plugs
- Wires
- Ignition Switch
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Magnetos
- Engine Driven
- Magnets
- Independend of electrical system
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Carb Heat Side Effects
- Enriches mixture
- Makes engine run worse before it gets better
- Water in cylinders
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Leaning - When/Why
Above 3000msl/to keep air to fuel ratio 15:1
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Four situations in which to enrich the mixture
- Using full throttle
- Descending
- Proximity to the ground
- Engine cooling
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Induction System Malfunction
Loss of Fuel/Loss of Air
Remedy?
- Mixture
- Pump
- Carb Heat
- Alt Air
- Fuel Selector
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Oil System Purpose
- Lubrication
- Cooling
- Cleaning
- Sealing
- Activating
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Oil Sysem Components
- Pump
- Sump
- Filter
- Pressure Gauge
- Temp Gauge
- Cooler
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Oil System Check - Preflight
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High Oil Temperature + Low Pressure
Clogged Oil Line - Engine not recieving oil
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Engine cooling system components
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Cooling System Failure (remedy)
- Increase airspeed
- Enrich mixture
- Decrease power
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Prop Types
- Fixed Pitch - climb/cruise props
- Adjustable - changable on ground
- Controllable - changable in flight
- Constant Speed - automatically changes
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Propeller Governor
- Constant Speed Prop
- System changes blade pitch
- Uses oil
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Prop Blade Twist
Compensates for outer part of blade traveling greator distance than inner part
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Fuel System Components
- Tanks
- Drains
- Pumps
- Valves
- Gauges
- Sumps
- Primer
- Quantity Guage
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C172 Fuel Specs
- 56 gal capacity
- 3 unusable
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Fuels/Colors
- Avgas 80 - Red
- Avgas 100 - Green
- Avgas 110LL - Blue
- Jet A - Colorless/Straw
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MUST DO BEFORE FUELING
GROUND
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Pre-Ignition Causes/Symptoms
- Hot Spots in Cylinder
- Backfiring
- Rough Running
- High Engine Temp
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Detonation Definition/Symptoms
- Air Fuel Mixture Explosion
- High Temp
- High Cylinder Head Temp
- Lots of power
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Detonation Results from:
- Use of lower octane
- High power with lean mixture
- Steep climbs
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Alternator C172
- Primary source of electrical power in flight
- 28V 60amp
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Ammeter
Shows battery rate of charge/discharge
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Buses
Power Distribution Points
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Vacuum System
- Air for Gyroscopic Instruments
- Attitude Indicator
- Heading Indicator
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Anti-Ice vs. De-Ice
- Anti-Ice Prevents Ice
- De-Ice Removes Ice
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Flight Instruments Provide Information on?
- Attitude
- Altitude
- Direction
- Speed
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Types of Flight Instruments
- Pitot Static
- Gyroscopic
- Magnetic Compass
- Glass
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Gyroscopic Instruments
- Attitude Indicator
- Turn Coordinator
- Heading Indicator
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Airspeed Malfunctions
- Airspeed indicates zero if pitot blocked
- Pitot blocked, static clear, airspeed increase with climb
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Flying into Lower Pressure = (altitude indication)
Increased INDICATION
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Flying into colder air
Increased INDICATION
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Calibrated Airspeed
Airspeed Corrected for Installation/Instrument Errors
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True Airspeed
Calibrated Airspeed corrected for altitude/non-standard temperature
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For a given Indicated Airspeed, True Airspeed ______ with increase in altitude
Increases
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Turn Coordinator Displays
Rate of turn - not bank angle
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Acceleration Error (compass)
- ANDS
- - Accelerate - points North - Decelerate - points South
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Turning Error
North Lags, South Leads
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Indicated Airspeed
Airspeed Indicated - No corrections
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