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Define consciousness:
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
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What are biological rhythms?
Periodic psychological fluctuations.
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What's the circadian rhythm?
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
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What's REM sleep?
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
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What are alpha waves?
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
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Define sleep.
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting in a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
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What are hallucinations?
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
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What are delta waves?
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
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Theory: Why do we have the need to sleep?
- 1. It protects.
- 2. Recuperate: restore and repair brain tissue.
- 3. Remembering
- 4. Growth: Pituitary gland releases hormones during deep sleep.
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Insomnia
Recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep.
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Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
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Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characteried by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
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Night terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, nihgt terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
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Manifest Content
The remembered story line of a dream.
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Latent Content
The underlying meaning of a dream.
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Why do we Dream?
- 1. To satisfy our own wishes.
- 2. To file away memories.
- 3. To develope and preserve neural pathways.
- 4. To make sense of neural static.
- 5. To reflect cognitive developement.
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REM Rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
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Psychoactive Drug
Chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
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Physical Dependance
A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawl symptoms when drug is discontinud.
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Depressants
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. Examples: alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates.
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Barbiturates
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement.
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Opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening paon and anxiety.
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Stimulants
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Examples: caffeine, nicotine, ampheramines, cocaine, xtc.
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Methamphetamine
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
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Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptionsm feeling, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
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Posthypnotic Suggestion
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
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Dissociation
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
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Near Death Experience
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (ex. cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
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Dualism
The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact.
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Monism
Mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
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