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Microbiology
Study of microorganisms and their effect on other living things
Microscope
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Taxonmy
Science of classification; systematized arrangements of related microorganisms and other living things into logical categories
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Linnaeus
Modern basis of taxonomy
Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia
K, P, C, O, F, G, S
Fundamental rank is Species
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Species
Group of individuals in population that can breed with one another
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Two or more Sepcies
Genus
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Collection of Genera
Family
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Families with similar characteristics
Order
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Orders are placed together as
Class
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Classes are assembled into
Phylum (division, in bacteriology and botany)
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Two or more Phyla
Kingdom
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5 Kingdom System
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Fungi
- Protista
- Monera
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Monera (bacteria and cyanobacteria)
Prokaryotic and unicellular
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Protista
Eukaryotic and unicellular (protozoa)
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Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Eukaryotic and mulitcellular (except yeasts)
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Binomial system of nomenclature
Each organism referred to by two names
Example: Mycobacterium, tuberculosis
Fist name - Genus
Second name - Species
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Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Listing of organisms that belong to Kingdom Procaryotae
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Procaryotae
No true nucleus; lack of neclear membrane
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Eukaryotic
True nucleus (Not found in Bergey's Manual)
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Divisions of Microbiology
- Bacteriology
- Rickettsiology
- Virology
- Protozoology
- Mycology
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Bacteriology
Science studies bacteria
Forms spoors for protection
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Rickettsiology
Science studies Rickettsia
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Virology
Study of viruses and viral diseases
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Protozoology
Science studies protozoa
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Mycology
Science studies fungi
Forms spoors as reproductive method
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Bacteria
Procaryotic one celled microorganism of Kingdom Monera
Free living organisms, parasites
Binary fission, large range of biochemical properties
Has cell wall, no nucleus (no nuclear membrane)
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Mycoplasmas
Bacteria of Mycoplasma genus, found in humans
Most have no cell wall
Smallest free-living organisms, intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria
No cell wall, penicillin does not affect
Cause of atypical pneumonia
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Rickettsia
Pathogenic, obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria
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Obligate intracellular parasites
Must take over metabolism of living cell to exist
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Intracellular
No cell wall
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Chlamydia
Large group of non-motile, obligate intracellular parasites
Filterable
Not free-living
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Viruses
Obligate intracellular, infectious parasite
Living and reproducing only in living cells
Not free-living
Smallest organism, one strand of genetic material
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Protozoa
One celled organisms of Kingdom Protista
Most unicellular, some colonial
Ture nucleus
Single cell animal/plant
Free living
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Fungi
Group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms
Lacking chlorophyll
Usually bearing spores, often filamentous
Reproduce by forming spoors
Yeasts and Molds
Eukaryotic
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Prion
Small proteinaceous infectious particle
Resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids
Smalles of all
Slow virus
1 Strand of genetic material
No capsule surrounding it
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Morphology (shape) of bacteria
Binary fission
Asexual reproduction
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Binary fission
Simple transverse cell division
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Bacteria size
Large
1-2 micrometers wide
1-20 micrometers long
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Micrometer (micron)
1/25,400
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Bacteria Shape
Acid fast technique
Spherical - coccus
Rod - bacillus
Spiral - spirillum
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Spherical - coccus
Spherical/ovoid; ball
May form capsule (gelatinous shell)
Nanometer
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Nanometer
One billionth of a meter
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Rod - bacillus
Like sasuage
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Spiral - spirillum
- Vibrio
- Spirillum
- Spirochete
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Vibrio spiral
Comma, or bent rod
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Spirillum spiral
Corkscrew
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Bacteria Arrangements
Cocci
Bacilli
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Cocci
- Spherical, ball
- Diplococci
- Staphylococci
- Streptococci
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Staphylococci (cluster)
Nonmotile, opportunistic bacteria
Grape like clusters
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Streptococci (chain)
Rods
Chain like colony
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Bacilli
- Rod
- Diplobacilli
- Streptobacilli
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Diplobacilli
Double bacillus
Two linked end to end
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Streptobacilli
Rods
Chain like colony
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Structure, Function of bacteria
- Cell wall
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Capsule
- Endospore
- Flagella
- Pili
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Cell wall
Ridged
Gives bacteria shape
Mycoplasma does Not have ridged cell wall
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Cell membrane
Contained within cell wall
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Cytoplasm
Gooey (plasma) center held in place by cell membrane
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Capsule
Gelatinous outer shell formed as protective mechanism
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Endospore
Sporulating (hibernating)
Vegetative (growing and producing stage)
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Flagella
Long tail; locomotion
Remove tail will kill
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Pili
Short whisker like projections; means of attachment
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Bacterial colony
Visible group bacteria growing on sold medium, presumably arising from single microorganism
Strepthroat - colony; white spots on throat
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Conditions affecting bacterial growth
- Food
- Oxygen
- Moisture
- Temperature
- pH
Effect of light on growth
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Bacteria Food requirements
Autrophic bacteria
Heterotrophic bacteria
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Autotrophic bacteria
Self nourishing; absence of organic compounds
Obtain carbon from carbon dioxide
Don't attack humans
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Heterotrophic bacteria
Requires complex organic food from carbon source
Break down foods
Eat human cells
Requires complex/organic food source
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Heterotrophic bacteria
Strict (obligate) saprochytes - Dead food
Strict (obligate) parasites - Living food
Facultative bacteria - adaptive
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Strict (obligate) Saprophytes
Heterotrophic
Dead or decaying organic matter
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Strict (obligate) parasites
Heterotrophic
Living host
Living organic matter
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Facultative bacteria
Heterotrophic
Adapt toconditions
Opposite from normal state of food eating habits
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Bacteria Oxygen requirements
Strict (obligate) aerobes - need oxygen
Strict (obligate) anaerobes - no oxygen
Microaerophilic - minute oxygen
Facultative bacteria - adaptive
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Strict (obligate) aerobes
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Strict (obligate) anaerobes
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Microaerophilic
Little oxygen; Minute amounts
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Facultative bacteria
Adapt to conditions
Opposite from normal state
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Moisture (water) requirements bacteria
No water, No life
May form spoors to survive without water
Spoors are not alive
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Minimum temp.
Below temp. where growth takes place
Lowest temp. at which some growth/reproduction will take place
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Maximum temp.
Above which growth will take place
Highest temp. which some growth will take place
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Optimim temerature
Temp. which most growth/reproduction will take place
Around same as maximum temp.
98.6o F or 37o C
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Psychrophiles
Cold loving
Between 0o C (32o F) and 25o C (770 F)
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Mesophiles
Prefer moderate temp.
Between 25o C (77o F) and 40o C (104o F)
Most harmful to humans
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Thermophiles
High temperatures
Between 40o C (104o F) and 70o C (158o F)
Proteins usually coagulate at 140o F
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pH
Negative log of Hydrogen Ion concentration (10-x)
Ranges from -0 to -14, -7 is neutral
Normal blood pH is 7.35 - 7.45 (slightly alkline)
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Light effect on bacterial growth
Generally harmful (UV rays)
May kill
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Osmotic pressure
Pressure that develops when twp solutions of different concentrations are separated by semipermeable membrane
- Hypotonic solution
- Hypertonic solution
- Isotonic solution
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Hypotonic solution
Lesser concentration
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Hypertonic solution
Greater concentration
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Isotonic solution
Equal concentration
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Hemolysis
RBC swells and bursts
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Crenation
RBC shrivels/shrinks
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Plasmolysis
Bacterial cell shrivels/shrinks
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Plasmoptysis
Bacterial cell swells and bursts
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Formaldehyde gray
caused by crenation (RBC shrivels) in hypertonic solution
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Crenation
Hypertonic solution
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Hemolysis
Hypotonic solution
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Symbiosis
Living together in close association of different species (2 or more)
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Parasitism
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Mutualism symbiosis
Mutual benefit
No damage to either
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Commensalism symbiosis
One benefits, other not harmed
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Parasitism symbiosis
One is harmed, other benefits
Host is being harmed
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Synergism
Harmonious action of two microorganisms producing effect that neither could produce alone
Person with AIDS dying of Pnenmonia
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Antagonism
Mutual opposition/contrary action
Inhibition of one bacteral by another
Penicillin (mold) is antagonistic to bacterial growth (disrupts formation of bacterial cell wall)
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Levels of control of microorganisms
Sterilization
Disinfection
Antisepsis
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Sterilization
Process of completely removing or destroying all life forms, or their products, on or in substance
#1 Best method
Everything is dead
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Disinfection
Destruction of infectious agents by chemical or physical means directly to an inanimate object
Only kills pathogenic organisms
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Antisepsis
Against sepsis - Prevent growth or reproduction
Does not kill, worst form of control
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Physical methods of control of microorganisms
- Scrubbing
- Heat
- Moist heat
- Cold
- Ultraviolet light (UV rays)
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Chemical methods of control of microorganisms
Disinfectants
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Heat
Kills microorganisms
Heat in its many forms is best ally in control of microorganisms
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Free flowing steam
540 cal hotter per gram than boiling water
Must do 3 times, over 3 days, for 30 minutes per day (fractional serilization)
Arnold Field Sterilizer (Civil War sterilization)
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Steam under pressure
Autoclave (pressure cooker)
15 lb. pressure for 15 minutes at 121.5o C
Kills all life forms, best one
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Disinfectants - icide = KILL
Chemical or physical agent kills disease-causing microorganism, generally inanimate objects
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Sodium Hypochloride
Household bleach
Forms Bischloromethyl Ether (BCME) in presence of formaldehyde, Do not use together
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Germicide
Destroys microorganisms
Not effective against spores
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Bactericide
Agent destroys bacteria, not necessarily spores
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Spore formers
Clostridium and Bacillus (both rod shaped)
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Fungicide
Kills fungi and their spores (yeast and molds)
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Viricide
Destructive to viruses
Interferon coats outside body cell to prevent virus from penetrating cell
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Insecticide
Macroscopic organisms
Vector diseases, not cause of disease
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Larvacide
Carry into home with body
Maggots of housefly NOT affected by HCHO
Gasoline or WD-40 work well
Control larvacide by controlling larva
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Disinfectants suitable for mortuary procedures
- Halogens
- Alcohols
- Aldehydes
- Phenolic compounds
- Quaternary ammonium compounds
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Halogens
7 electrons in outer shell, Poisonous, F, Cl, Br, and I
Hypochlorites (bleaches)
Iodophores
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Hypochlorites (bleaches)
Halogen
OCI- (NaOCI = Houshold bleach)
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Iodophores
Halogen
Iodine containing compounds (Prepodine)
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Alcohols
Methyl alcohol - CH3OH
Ethyl - CH3CH2OH
Isopropyl (2- propanol or sec-propyl alcohol) CH3CHOHCH3
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Aldehydes
Formalin (formaldehyde solution)
Glutaraldehyde
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Formalin (formaldehyde solution)
Max solution 40% by volume, 37% by weight
Methanal - one carbon aldehyde
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Phenolic compounds
Aromatic alcohol - does not coagulate proteins
Usually used in Jaundice for color
Phenol (carbolic acid)
Cresols (lysol)
Hexachlorophene
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Phenol (carbolic acid)
Won't cause color change in Jaundice cases
Good preservative/disinfectant
Phenolic compound
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Cresols (lysol)
Methyl derivative of Phenol (methane with phenol)
Wood preservative
Phenolic compound
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Hexachlorophene
6 Chlorine
125x more powerful than phenol
Phenolic compound
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Quaternary ammonium compounds
Benzalkonium chloride (trade name: Zephiran Chloride)
Surface disinfectant
Soap will neutralize
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Infection
State or condition in which body or part of it is invaded by pathogenic agent that under favorable conditions multiplies and produces injurious effects
Growth and reproduction
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Contamination
Act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance
- Organisms present, not necessarily growing
- Inanimate object, contaminated
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Pathogenic organisms
True pathogens
Opportunists
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True pathogens
Real or genuine disease producing organism
Cause trouble all by themselves - don't need help
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Opportunists
Normal flora, may become pathogenic
Can't produce disease withoug help, such as injury or presences of another organism - or too many in wrong place
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Pathogenicity
Producing, able to produce pathological changes and disease
Disease producing capability
Name of disease it causes is its pathogenicity
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Virulence
Power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms to produce disease
How fast it hits
How pathogenic is it?
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Attenuation
Dilution/weakening of virulence, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity
Virulence taken away - Vaccines
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Indigenous flora
Plant life occurring or adapted for living in specific environment
Normal inhabitants
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Drug-Fast
Resistant (as in bacteria) to action of drugs
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Exogenous
Origination outside an organ or part
Invading organism came from outside body
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Endogenous
Produced or arising from within cell or organism
Invading organism came from inside body
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Acute
Rapid onset, severe symptoms, short duration
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Chronic
Slow onset, symptoms not as severe, long duration
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Communicable diseases
Transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another
Person to person
Contagious (common cold)
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Endemic
Continuously (never ending) in particular region, low mortality
Colds
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Epidemic
Many people at same time in same geographical area
Explosive proportions, Roughly 30% of population or more
Flue
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Pandemic
Majority of population of large region, epidemic at worldwide proportions
Zombies
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Sporadic
Occasionally or in scattered instances, Intermittent
No apparent connection, randomly
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Non-communicable diseases
Not easily transfer from person to person
Tetanus
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Primary infection
Original infection from which a second one originates
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Secondary infection
Infection caused by different organism than one causing primary infection
2nd infection usually one that kills
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Mixed infection
Caused by two or more organisms
Synergism: harmonious action of two microorganisms producing an effect that neither could produce alone
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Local infection
Lodging and multiplying at one point in tissue and remaining there
Stays put
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General infection
Infection that becomes systemic
All over
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Focal infection
Organisms are originally confined to one area but enter blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of body
Starts local, spreads to systemic
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Septicemia
Condition characterized by multiplication of bacteria in blood
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Toxemia
Toxin = plant or animal origin
Blood distribution throughout body of poisonous products (waste) of bacteria growing in focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms
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Bacteremia
- Bacteria in blood is present but not growing or reproducing
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Factors influencing Virulence; Enhancing virulence
- Toxin production
- Enzymes
- Capsules
- Endospores
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Toxin production
Poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial, or funal origin
Deadly, biological agent
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Exotoxins
Toxin produced by microorganism and excreated into surrounding medium, generally protein in nature
Waste products of microorganisms
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Endotoxins
Toxin confined within body of bacterium freed only when bacterium is broken down
Hypotonic solution causes organism to swell and burst open to spill toxins inot host system
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Enzymes
Bio-catalytic agents
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Catalytic
Substance changes (usually speeds up) rate of chemical reaction, undergoes no net change itself during reaction
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Hyaluronidase
Enzyme digests hyaluronic acid, permits penetration of parasites through tissues; spreading factor
Breaks down cell walls
Enzymes usually end in - ase
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Coagulase
Enzyme catalyzes formation of fibrin clot; produced by virulent staphylococci
Causes cells to clump up
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Fibrinolysin
Reverse effect of Coagulase
Not allow cells to clump up or clots to form
Lysis cell - breaks open
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Capsules
Layer of polysaccharides and small proteins that adheres to surface of certain bacteria; serves as buffer between cell and its environment
Protective mechanism to survive hostile environment
Sticky shell plugs up lungs, enhancing virulence
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Endospores
Spores not harmful
Hard seed to survive adverse living conditions
Dormant; becoming vegetative does the organism affect you
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Animals or persons ill of infection
Manifest infection
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Chornic carriers
Don't know they have it; no symptoms manifested
Typhoid Mary, Salmonella in horses
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Soil transmission
Microorganisms in soil break down compounds (waste products)
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Respiratory tract portal
Sneezing, coughing; person to person droplet spray
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Digestive tract portal
Carried past stomach by food, water, milk, etc
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Genito-urinary tract portal
STD's
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Placenta portal
Congenital diseases passed through to baby
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Mechanical defenses against infection
Unbroken skin, mucus membranes, washing hands
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Physiological defenses agains infection (after gets under skin)
Fever
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
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Chemical defenses against infection
Body secretions
Antibodies
Interferon
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Phagocytosis
WBC's multiply and attack organisms
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Body secretions, chemical defence agains infection
Lysozyme
Gastric juice (HCI)
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Lysozyme
Tears; fight things entering eyes; every cell in body contains it
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Gastric juice (HCI)
Kills organisms; stomach lined with mucus membranes
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Antibodies
Glycoprotein substance deceloped in response to, and interacting specifically with antigen (immunoglobulin)
Developed by body in response to specific invading organism (Antigen)
Antibodies are specific to organism
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Interferon
Substance coats outside of cell to prevent penetration of cell by virus
Prevents spread of disease
Like mucus membrane that coats body's cells
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Antigens
Foreign substance (from outside body) that stimulates formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it
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Antibodies
Very specific to antigen
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Kinds of immunity
- Natural (innate) immunity
- Acquired immunity
- Naturally acquired
- Artificially acquired
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Natural (innate) immunity
Born with
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Acquired immunity
Immunity not born with
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Naturally acquired immunity
Without outside help from doctors
Actively acquired always lasts longer than passive acquired
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Naturally acquired Active immunity
Having the disease and recovering
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Naturally acquired Passive immunity
Antibodies from placental transfer and/or from colostrum (mothers milk)
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Artifically acquired immunity
Shot with vaccine or serum
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Artificially acquired Active immunity
Vaccines - Causative organisms are injected into you
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Artificially acquired Passive imminity
Immune serums will wear off after a while, must get booster shot
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Bacteria
Opportunistic disease
Binomial method of nomeclature (genus and species)
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Staphylococcus aureus (glow)
Grape-Like cluster of cocci
Food poisoning and/or infections of skin (boils, abscesses), lungs, meninges
Nosocomial infections (hopital stay)
Toxic shock syndrome
Compromised mucus membrane or skin
Person to person - droplet spray; Boils or abscesses on skin shed
Reservoir - human nose
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Reservoir
Human or other animal that retains disease organisms in body but has not experienced disease and shows no evidence or illness
Typhoid Mary
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Streptococcus pyogenes
Chain of cocci
Streptococcal diseases (scarlet fever)
Pus generator
Strep throat with skin rash; scarlet fever, septic sore throat (streptococcal sore throat), Puerperal sepsis, Rheumatic fever
Soft tissue in back of nasopharynx, compromise mucus membrane
Person to person, droplet sray
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Puerperal sepsis
Child bed fever
Mother's reproductive tract (uterus), mother dies
Streptococcus pyogenes pathogenicity
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Rheumatic fever
Damages valves in heart
Streptococcus pyogenes pathogenicity
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
"Fluid in the lungs"
Chain of cocci
Bacterial pneumonia - pneumococcus
Pathogenicity - Lobar pneumonia, Meningitis, Otitis media
Capsule former - plus up alveolar process of lungs
Respiratory
Person to person droplet spray
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Lobar pneumonia
One lobe of lung, could be more
Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenicity
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Meningitis
Inflammation of meninges
Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenicity
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Otitis media
Middle ear inflammation, cough into throat migrated through Estuation
Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Nisseria gonorrhoea (gonococcus)
Bacterial diplococcus
Transmission - sexual contact, agent of gonorrhea (Ophthalmia neonatorum); STD
Genital/urinary tract, Pili
Secual contact, birth canal to eye of baby
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Gonorrhea
Ophthalmia neonatorum - blindness in newborn; Crede treatment = silver nitrate drops/eye
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Nisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
Bacterial diplococcus
Person to person, droplets
Meningococcal meningitis
Pathogenicity - Epidemic meningitis, Meningococcemia (in blood)
Respiratory, airborne
Reservoir - human or animal
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Clostridium tetani
Anaerobic spore forming (when exposed to O2), rod
Pathogenicity - tetanus (lockjaw)
Virulence - Endospores, Exotoxin
Must be anaerobic, deep puncture wounds
Wound carried on contaminated objects (rusty nail, punji stick)
Infectious, non-communicable
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Exotoxin
Gives off toxin, disrupts nerve transmission
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Toxoid
Preparation of altered toxin molecules
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DPT
Diphtheria - Tetanus - Pertussis
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Clostridium perfringens
Anaerobic spore forming (when exposed to O2) rod
Gas gangrene, Tissue gas (gives off gas), Food intoxication
Endospores, Exotoxins, Enzymes
Compromised skin, cut or torn mucus membrane
Normal inhabitant of soil, carried on contaminated hands, etc.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Club-shaped rod
- Pathogenicity - diptheria
- Exotoxin producer, Localization in pharynx - pseudomembrane formation
Upper respiratory tract
Person to person dorplet spray
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Salmonella typhi
Rod shaped
Transmission - food and/or water, indirect fecal-oral Housefly mechanical vector
Typhoid fever (disease of intestine)
Gastro-intestinal tract, digestive
Dehydration kills
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Francisella tularensis
Rod shaped
Tularemia (Rabbit fever)
Unbroken skin - Pores
Handling infected animals
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid-fast rod shape
Not a spoor or capsule former
- Tuberculosis
- High lipid content of cell wall gives it waxy outer coat (natural part of vegetative organism)
Respiratory tract
Airborne, environment, indirect more than direct
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Mycobacterium avium
Acid-fast rod shaped
Pathogenicity - Opportunistic form of TB in AIDS, lung infection in immunocompromised persons
Normal host - Pigeons
Respiratory tract
Birds, Airborne in environment
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Micobacterium leprae
Acid-fast rod shaped, intracellular, pleomorphic, characteristic waxy coating unique to mycobacteria
Warm tropical countries
Leprosy (Hansens's disease)
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Treponema pallidum
Spirochete
Lesions - Primary and Tertiary
Syphilis, STD
Genital - Urinary tract
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Lesions - Primary
Chancre (on surface of skin)
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Lesions - Terriary
Gumma (gummy lesion, usually on spinal chord)
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Borrelia burgdorferi
- Spirochete
- Lyme disease, Untreated - severe arthritis
Tick bites, deer reservoir
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Vibrio cholerae
Asiatic cholera - Spirochete, curved rod (bent)
Food and/or water
Cause of - cholera
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Yersinia pestis - Plague
- Rod shaped
- Plague, Rats (flease bite rats, then bite you)
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
Encapsulated rod shaped, club shaped
Contact
Respiratory tract and intestine, Lobar pneumonia and urinary infection
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Clostridium botulinum
Anaerobic spore forming rod
Botulism (food poisoning)
Gives off exotoxin
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Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax, spore former, exotoxin producer
Dehydration from diarrhea kills
Airborne, food/water
Severe blood hemmorrhaging
Reservor - cows
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Hemophilus influenzae (influenzal meningitis)
Rod shaped
Respiratory droplets, agent of Haemophilus meningitis (Hib)
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Haemophilus meningitis
Airborne disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae b
Accompanied by respiratory distress followed by inflammation of meninges
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Proteus sp. & Pseudomonas sp.
Seondary infections of burns
Genus - Pseudomonas
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Shigella sp.
Group of rods
Shigellosis - food/water borne bacterial disease of intestine caused by Shigella species, extensive diarrhea (often blood and mucus)
Bacillary dysentery (major diarrhea)
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Leptospira interrogans
Spirochete
Leptospirosis - soil borne bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans, mild fever symptoms
Kitty litter box
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Escherichia coli
Rod shaped
Food/water
Travelers' diarrhea, infantile diarrhea
Genetic engineering techniques and as indicator of water pollution
Enteritis - E-Coli - Intestines (natural in colin)
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Campylobacter jejuni
Curved rod shape
Food/water
Involoved in Campylobacteriosis (food/water borne bacterial disease of intestine caused by Campylobacter jejuni, accompanied by diarrhea) of intestine
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Without rigid cell wall, looks like egg without shell
Pathogenicity - primary atypical pneumonia, Not caused by pneumococcus
Penicillin does not work against, no rigid cell wall
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Mycoplasmal pneumonia
Airborne primary pneumonia
Droplets
Lung tissue destruction and respiratory symptoms
Primary atypical pneumona (PAP), "Primary" (in previously healthy individuals)
Pneumococcal pneumonia - secondary disease
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Atypical
Organism differs from typical pneumococcus, symptoms are unlike those in pneumococcal disease
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
One of Smallest bacteria causing human disease
No cell wall, fragile, will not survive for long periods outside host
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PAP
Primary Atypical Pneumonia
Resembles viral pneumonia and other respiratory diseases in symptoms
Fever, fatigue, characteristic dry hacking cough
"Walking" pneumonia due to mild symptoms
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Rickettsia
Not free living organism, usually animal reservoir
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Rickettsia prowazekii
Epidemic (louse born) typhus
Insect (lice) bites; Insect vector (biological)
Reserboir - Rodents-Rats
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Richettsia typhi
Endemic (flea borne) typhus
Insect (flea) bites; Insect vector (biological)
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Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tick born)
Tick bites; Insect vector (biological)
Reservoir - Deer, elk, bears
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Obligate Intracellular Parasites
Rickettsia prowazekii
Rickettsia typhi
Rickettsia rickettsii
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Coxiella burnetii
Ricketsia
Q fever (flu-like symptoms)
Respiratory-digestive (oral) tract
Airborne, food/water, arthropods, or conract; livestock (cattle), cow patties
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Chlamydia
Obligate, intracellular, quick
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Chlamydia psittaci
Psittacosis - Parrot fever; Ornithosis = Birds
Respiratory; Dust, Droplet spray
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Chlamydia trachomatis
STD, becoming most common form STD, Proper hygiene helps prevent
Trachoma, Lymphogranuloma venereum, NGU or NSU
Genito-urinary tract; Sexual contact
Penacillin does not affect
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Trachoma
Inflammation for eye, cloudy eye, cannot see
Chlamydia trachomatis
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Lymphogranuloma venereum
Inguinal region (lymph nodes)
Chlamydia trachomatis
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NGU or NSU (same thing)
NGU - non-gonococcal urethritis
NSU - non-specific urethritis
Chlamydia trachomatis
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Dermatropic (skin) diseases - Virus
Obligate intracellular parasites - smallest
- Smallpox
- Measles
- German measles
- Chickenpox/Shingles
- Herpes simplex I and II
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Smallpox
Dermatropic viral disease
Variola - Eradicated
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Measles
Dermatropic viral disease
Rubeola
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German measles
Dermatropic viral disease
Rubella
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Chhickenpox/Shingles
Dermatropic viral disease
Varicella zostera - Same organism in kids as adults
Hides in myelinated sheaths around nerves; activated by stress or lowering resistance
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Herpes simplex I and II
Dermatropic viral disease
I - Above waist
II - below waist (generally)
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Pneumotropic (upper respiratory tract) diseases - Virus
Viral
- Influenza
- Common cold
- Hantavirus
-
Influenza
Pneumotropic viral disease
Symptoms manifested throughout body - aches, diarrhea, vomiting, etc. (generalized)
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Common cold
Pnerumotropic viral disease
Coryza - Rhinovirus attacks through nose, face area
Localized in head
-
Hantavirus
Pneumotropic viral disease
Spread by mouse droppings
Influenza like symptoms with bood hemorrhaging
4 corners disease
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Neurotropic (central nervous system) disease - Virus
Viral disease
- Rabies
- Poliomyelitis
- Viral encephalitis
-
Rabies
Neurotropic disease
Animal bites, saliva
-
Poliomylitis
Neurotropic disease
Gray matter of brain - fecal oral route
-
Viral encephalitis
Neurotropic disease
Inflammation of brain by virus, vectored by insect bite (mosquito)
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Viscerotropic (visceral) disease - Virus
Viral disease
- Hepatitis - A (infectious)
- Hepatitis - B (serum)
- Hepatitis - C (non A, non B)
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Cytomegalovirus
- Epidemic parotitis - mumps
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Hepatitis - A (infectious)
Viscerotropic viral disease
fecal oral route
-
Hepatitis - B (serum)
Viscerotropic disease
Bodily fluids transferred
-
Hepatitis - C (non A, non B)
Viscerotropic disease
Deadly
-
Infectious mononucleosis
Viscerotropic disease
Epstein-Barr virus
Kissing disease - Mouth to mouth contact
-
Cytomegalovirus
Viscerotropic disease
Cells of great size, cloudy swelling, fever, malaise, enlarged spleen/liver
-
Epidemic parotitis - mumps
Viscerotropic disease
Swollen.inflamed parotid glands
MMR shot - Mumps, Measles, Rubella
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Immunological - HIV
Cause of AIDS
Kaposi's sarcoma - Blotchy skin in aids patients
T-cells are major group of cells affected
-
AIDS
Aquired Immune Difficancy Syndrom
-
OSHA
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
-
Creutzfield - Jacob Disease
Mad cow disease
Prion
-
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis - species of parasitic Protzoa in genus Toxoplasma, definitive host of T. Gondii is cat, parasite can be carried by many warm-blooded animals (birds, mammals)
Protozoa
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Amoebiasis
Amebic dysentery
-
-
Plasmodium malaria
Malaria - monkeys, mosquitoes (female of Anopheles mosquito)
Protozoa
-
Entamoeba histolytica
Amoebiasis (dysentery) - Montezuma's revenge, contaminated water
Protozoa
-
Pneumocystis carinii
PCP. Pneumonia - complication in AIDS, low fever, non-productive cough, caused by yeast-like fungus
Fungi
-
Aspergillus sp.
Aspergillosis
Fungi
-
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcosis - lungs, spinal chord (most dangerous), spread to respiratory by pigeon droppings
Fungi
-
Candida albicans
Candidiasis - yeast infection, vaginal thrush, Monilia albicans, normal inhabitant of human, immunocompromised
Fungi
-
Histoplasma capsulatum
Histoplasmosis - lungs, pneumonia, confused as lung caner or TB
Fungi
-
Coccidiodes immitis
Coccidiomycosis - valley fever
Fungi
-
Dermatomycosis
General name for all funal diseases
Skin - dermatropic disease
Ringworm, athletes foot, jockitch
-
Prion
Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease
-
Prion
No capsid around strand of genetic material
Not alive
Slow disease, may take 17 years to manifest symptoms
-
Protozoa
Entamoeba histolytica
Plasmodium malaria
Tozoplasma gondii
-
Ciliophora
Move with cilia
-
-
-
Protozoa
- Single-cell
- Pseudopodia
- Move by forming pseudopods (ameboid), or flagellum
- Insects vector
- Ciliophora
-
Single-cell
Yeasts & Protozoa
-
-
Hyphae
Intertwined filaments of cells (fungi)
-
Fungi
- Eukarotic
- Hyphae
- Form spores for reproduction
-
Disseminated Aspergillus
Causes blockage of blood vessels
Inflammation of inner lining of heart, or clots in heart vessels
-
Aspergillus fumigatus
Most common cause of Aspergillosis
Infection of lung, yeild aspergilloma (round ball of mycelium)
Conidia in earwax - Otomycosis
-
Aspergillosis
Unique disease
Fungus enters as conidia (Asexually produced fungal spores formed on supportive structure without enclosing sac), grows as myceliym
Compromised host, overwhelming number of conidia enter tissue
Aspergillus fumigatus
-
Cryptococcosis
Fungal disease of lungs and spinal cord
Opportunistic disease, compromised immune systems
-
Cryptococcus neoformans
Fungi causes Cryptococcosis
Opportunistic fungus infects immunocompromised patients
-
Candidiasis
Fungi infection caused by Candida albicans
Yeast infection if intestine
Vaginal tract ("yeast disease"), or mucous membranes of mouth (thrush)
-
Candida albicans
Fungus causes candidiasis
Opportunistic fungus infects immunocompromised patients
Candidiasis
-
Histoplasma capulatum
Fungus often in human lung
Cause of histoplasmosis
-
Coccidioidomycosis
Fungal disease of lungs
Coccidioides immitis
Cough, malaise, other respiratory symptoms
-
Dermatomycosis
Fungi disease of skin
Microsporum species, Trichophyton species, Epidermophyton species
-
Pneumocystis carinii
Opportunistic fungus, Fungi
Infects lungs, causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients
PCP - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia - lung infection and suffocation; pneumocystosis
-
Toxoplasma gondii
Protozoa
Sporozoa group
Toxoplasmosis - disease of blood, contact with cats or consumption of beef; malaise
Immunocompromised patients
Fetal injury in pregnant women
-
Plasmodium species
Protozoa of apicomplexa (formerly Sporozoa)
Mosquitoes; monkey normal host
Infect RBC's, Malaria - P. Vivax, P. Malaria, P. Falciparum
Unicellular, spore-forming, parasites of animals
-
Entamoeba histolytic
Protozoa
Food/water
Amebic dysentery
-
Creutzfeldt - Jakob Syndrome
Kuru, Scrapie, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - mad cow disease
Slow virus diseases (much as 17 years)
-
Prion
Infectious particles of protein; diseases of brain
Can survive heat, radiation, and chemical treatment
-
Protozoa
Entamoeba histolytic
Plasmodium species
Toxoplasma gondii
-
Fungi
- Mocrosporum sp., Trichophyton sp., Epidermophyton sp.
- Coccidiodes immitis
- Dermatomycosis
- Doccidioidomycosis
- Histoplasma capulatum
- Candida albicans - Candidiasis
- Cryptococcus neoformans - Cryptococcosis
- Aspergillosis
- Pneumocystis - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
-
-
Irregular undefined shape
Amoeba
-
-
-
-
Intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria
Richettsia
-
True fungi
Yeasts and Molds
-
-
Smallest animals
Protozoa
-
-
Those organisms that reproduce by budding
Fungi
-
Disease caused by protozoan parasite
Amoebic dysentery
-
Causative agent of dysentery
Entamoeba histolytica
-
Example of pathogenic protozoa
Entamoeba histolytica
-
Oral and vaginal thrush
Candida albicans
-
Protozoan parasite that does NOT have method for locomotion
Sporozoa
-
Ringworm is caused by
Fungus
-
Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis
Fungi
-
Malaria and Amoebiasis
Protozoa
-
-
Mycology is study of
Fungi
-
Monilia is used synonymously with
Candida
-
Material of inheritance is contained within
Nuclear body
-
Cytoplasm of typical Eucaryotic cell is separated from nucleus by
Nuclear membrane
-
Bacteria which contain nuclear bodies are
Procaryotic
-
Microscopic one-celled animals are called
Protozoa
-
Eucaryotic, true fungi that reproduce by budding
Yeasts
-
Self digestion of tissue by enzymes of their own formation
Autolysis
-
-
Universal precautions
Will prevent contamination by these organisms when exposure occurs
-
Prion
No capsid around strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Not alive
-
Aspergillus sp. - Aspergillosis
Fungi
Aspergillosis
-
Cryptoccus neoformans - Cryptococcosis
Fungi
Cryptococcosis - Lungs
Spinal cord - most dangerous
May be fatal
Spread to respiratory tract by pigeon droppings
-
Candida albicans - Candidiasis
Fungi
Candidates - yeast infection
Viginal thrush
Monilia albicans
White fungus in AIDS patients
Normal inhabitant of humans
Harms compromised immune system
-
Histoplasma capsulatum
Fungi
Histoplasmosis - Lungs, pneumonia
Confused as lung cancer or TB
-
Coccidiodes immitis
Fungi
Coccidiodomycosis - Valley Fever
-
Dermatropic diseases
Microsporum sp.
Trichophyton sp.
Epidermophyton sp.
-
Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp., Epidermophyton sp.
Fungi
Skin - Dermatropic diseases
Ringworm, Athletes foot, Jock itch, etc
-
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Hype - intertwined filaments of cells
Forms spores for reproduction
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