Microbiology Final

Study of microorganisms and their effect on other living things

Microscope

Science of classification; systematized arrangements of related microorganisms and other living things into logical categories

Modern basis of taxonomy

Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia

K, P, C, O, F, G, S

Fundamental rank is Species

Group of individuals in population that can breed with one another

Genus

Family

Order

Class

Phylum (division, in bacteriology and botany)

Kingdom

• Plantae
• Animalia
• Fungi
• Protista
• Monera

Prokaryotic and unicellular

Eukaryotic and unicellular (protozoa)

Eukaryotic and mulitcellular (except yeasts)

Unicellular fungi

Each organism referred to by two names

Example: Mycobacterium, tuberculosis

Fist name - Genus

Second name - Species

Listing of organisms that belong to Kingdom Procaryotae

No true nucleus; lack of neclear membrane

True nucleus (Not found in Bergey's Manual)

• Bacteriology
• Rickettsiology
• Virology
• Protozoology
• Mycology

Science studies bacteria

Forms spoors for protection

Science studies Rickettsia

Study of viruses and viral diseases

Science studies protozoa

Science studies fungi

Forms spoors as reproductive method

Procaryotic one celled microorganism of Kingdom Monera

Free living organisms, parasites

Binary fission, large range of biochemical properties

Has cell wall, no nucleus (no nuclear membrane)

Bacteria of Mycoplasma genus, found in humans

Most have no cell wall

Smallest free-living organisms, intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria

No cell wall, penicillin does not affect

Cause of atypical pneumonia

Pathogenic, obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria

Must take over metabolism of living cell to exist

No cell wall

Large group of non-motile, obligate intracellular parasites

Filterable

Not free-living

Obligate intracellular, infectious parasite

Living and reproducing only in living cells

Not free-living

Smallest organism, one strand of genetic material

One celled organisms of Kingdom Protista

Most unicellular, some colonial

Ture nucleus

Single cell animal/plant

Free living

Group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms

Lacking chlorophyll

Usually bearing spores, often filamentous

Reproduce by forming spoors

Yeasts and Molds

Eukaryotic

Single cell

Multi-cell

Small proteinaceous infectious particle

Resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids

Smalles of all

Slow virus

1 Strand of genetic material

No capsule surrounding it

Binary fission

Asexual reproduction

Simple transverse cell division

Large

1-2 micrometers wide

1-20 micrometers long

1/25,400

Acid fast technique

Spherical - coccus

Rod - bacillus

Spiral - spirillum

Spherical/ovoid; ball

May form capsule (gelatinous shell)

Nanometer

100 nanometers

One billionth of a meter

Like sasuage

• Vibrio
• Spirillum
• Spirochete

Comma, or bent rod

Corkscrew

Ribbon

Cocci

Bacilli

• Spherical, ball
• Diplococci
• Staphylococci
• Streptococci

Pairs (2)

Nonmotile, opportunistic bacteria

Grape like clusters

Rods

Chain like colony

• Rod
• Diplobacilli
• Streptobacilli

Double bacillus

Two linked end to end

Rods

Chain like colony

• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Capsule
• Endospore
• Flagella
• Pili

Ridged

Gives bacteria shape

Mycoplasma does Not have ridged cell wall

Contained within cell wall

Gooey (plasma) center held in place by cell membrane

Gelatinous outer shell formed as protective mechanism

Sporulating (hibernating)

Vegetative (growing and producing stage)

Long tail; locomotion

Remove tail will kill

Short whisker like projections; means of attachment

Visible group bacteria growing on sold medium, presumably arising from single microorganism

Strepthroat - colony; white spots on throat

• Food
• Oxygen
• Moisture
• Temperature
• pH

Effect of light on growth

Autrophic bacteria

Heterotrophic bacteria

Self nourishing; absence of organic compounds

Obtain carbon from carbon dioxide

Don't attack humans

Requires complex organic food from carbon source

Break down foods

Eat human cells

Requires complex/organic food source

Strict (obligate) saprochytes - Dead food

Strict (obligate) parasites - Living food

Facultative bacteria - adaptive

Heterotrophic

Dead or decaying organic matter

Heterotrophic

Living host

Living organic matter

Heterotrophic

Adapt toconditions

Opposite from normal state of food eating habits

Strict (obligate) aerobes - need oxygen

Strict (obligate) anaerobes - no oxygen

Microaerophilic - minute oxygen

Facultative bacteria - adaptive

• Presence of oxygen

• Without oxygen

Little oxygen; Minute amounts

Adapt to conditions

Opposite from normal state

No water, No life

May form spoors to survive without water

Spoors are not alive

Below temp. where growth takes place

Lowest temp. at which some growth/reproduction will take place

Above which growth will take place

Highest temp. which some growth will take place

Temp. which most growth/reproduction will take place

Around same as maximum temp.

98.6^o F or 37^o C

Cold loving

Between 0^o C (32^o F) and 25^o C (77⁰ F)

Prefer moderate temp.

Between 25^o C (77^o F) and 40^o C (104^o F)

Most harmful to humans

High temperatures

Between 40^o C (104^o F) and 70^o C (158^o F)

Proteins usually coagulate at 140^o F

Negative log of Hydrogen Ion concentration (10^-x)

Ranges from -0 to -14, -7 is neutral

Normal blood pH is 7.35 - 7.45 (slightly alkline)

Generally harmful (UV rays)

May kill

Pressure that develops when twp solutions of different concentrations are separated by semipermeable membrane

• Hypotonic solution
• Hypertonic solution
• Isotonic solution

Lesser concentration

Greater concentration

Equal concentration

RBC swells and bursts

RBC shrivels/shrinks

Bacterial cell shrivels/shrinks

Bacterial cell swells and bursts

caused by crenation (RBC shrivels) in hypertonic solution

Hypertonic solution

Hypotonic solution

Living together in close association of different species (2 or more)

• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism

Mutual benefit

No damage to either

One benefits, other not harmed

One is harmed, other benefits

Host is being harmed

Harmonious action of two microorganisms producing effect that neither could produce alone

Person with AIDS dying of Pnenmonia

Mutual opposition/contrary action

Inhibition of one bacteral by another

Penicillin (mold) is antagonistic to bacterial growth (disrupts formation of bacterial cell wall)

Sterilization

Disinfection

Antisepsis

Process of completely removing or destroying all life forms, or their products, on or in substance

#1 Best method

Everything is dead

Destruction of infectious agents by chemical or physical means directly to an inanimate object

Only kills pathogenic organisms

Against sepsis - Prevent growth or reproduction

Does not kill, worst form of control

• Scrubbing
• Heat
• Moist heat
• Cold
• Ultraviolet light (UV rays)

Disinfectants

Kills microorganisms

Heat in its many forms is best ally in control of microorganisms

540 cal hotter per gram than boiling water

Must do 3 times, over 3 days, for 30 minutes per day (fractional serilization)

Arnold Field Sterilizer (Civil War sterilization)

Autoclave (pressure cooker)

15 lb. pressure for 15 minutes at 121.5^o C

Kills all life forms, best one

Chemical or physical agent kills disease-causing microorganism, generally inanimate objects

Household bleach

Forms Bischloromethyl Ether (BCME) in presence of formaldehyde, Do not use together

Destroys microorganisms

Not effective against spores

Agent destroys bacteria, not necessarily spores

Clostridium and Bacillus (both rod shaped)

Kills fungi and their spores (yeast and molds)

Destructive to viruses

Interferon coats outside body cell to prevent virus from penetrating cell

Macroscopic organisms

Vector diseases, not cause of disease

Carry into home with body

Maggots of housefly NOT affected by HCHO

Gasoline or WD-40 work well

Control larvacide by controlling larva

• Halogens
• Alcohols
• Aldehydes
• Phenolic compounds
• Quaternary ammonium compounds

7 electrons in outer shell, Poisonous, F, Cl, Br, and I

Hypochlorites (bleaches)

Iodophores

Halogen

OCI^- (NaOCI = Houshold bleach)

Halogen

Iodine containing compounds (Prepodine)

Methyl alcohol - CH₃OH

Ethyl - CH₃CH₂OH

Isopropyl (2- propanol or sec-propyl alcohol) CH₃CHOHCH₃

Formalin (formaldehyde solution)

Glutaraldehyde

Max solution 40% by volume, 37% by weight

Methanal - one carbon aldehyde

Aromatic alcohol - does not coagulate proteins

Usually used in Jaundice for color

Phenol (carbolic acid)

Cresols (lysol)

Hexachlorophene

Won't cause color change in Jaundice cases

Good preservative/disinfectant

Phenolic compound

Methyl derivative of Phenol (methane with phenol)

Wood preservative

Phenolic compound

6 Chlorine

125x more powerful than phenol

Phenolic compound

Benzalkonium chloride (trade name: Zephiran Chloride)

Surface disinfectant

Soap will neutralize

State or condition in which body or part of it is invaded by pathogenic agent that under favorable conditions multiplies and produces injurious effects

Growth and reproduction

Act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance

• Organisms present, not necessarily growing
• Inanimate object, contaminated

True pathogens

Opportunists

Real or genuine disease producing organism

Cause trouble all by themselves - don't need help

Normal flora, may become pathogenic

Can't produce disease withoug help, such as injury or presences of another organism - or too many in wrong place

Producing, able to produce pathological changes and disease

Disease producing capability

Name of disease it causes is its pathogenicity

Power and degree of pathogenicity possessed by organisms to produce disease

How fast it hits

How pathogenic is it?

Dilution/weakening of virulence, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity

Virulence taken away - Vaccines

Plant life occurring or adapted for living in specific environment

Normal inhabitants

Resistant (as in bacteria) to action of drugs

Origination outside an organ or part

Invading organism came from outside body

Produced or arising from within cell or organism

Invading organism came from inside body

Rapid onset, severe symptoms, short duration

Slow onset, symptoms not as severe, long duration

Transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another

Person to person

Contagious (common cold)

Continuously (never ending) in particular region, low mortality

Colds

Many people at same time in same geographical area

Explosive proportions, Roughly 30% of population or more

Flue

Majority of population of large region, epidemic at worldwide proportions

Zombies

Occasionally or in scattered instances, Intermittent

No apparent connection, randomly

Not easily transfer from person to person

Tetanus

Original infection from which a second one originates

Infection caused by different organism than one causing primary infection

2nd infection usually one that kills

Caused by two or more organisms

Synergism: harmonious action of two microorganisms producing an effect that neither could produce alone

Lodging and multiplying at one point in tissue and remaining there

Stays put

Infection that becomes systemic

All over

Organisms are originally confined to one area but enter blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of body

Starts local, spreads to systemic

Condition characterized by multiplication of bacteria in blood

Toxin = plant or animal origin

Blood distribution throughout body of poisonous products (waste) of bacteria growing in focal or local site, thus producing generalized symptoms

• Bacteria in blood is present but not growing or reproducing

• Toxin production
• Enzymes
• Capsules
• Endospores

Poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial, or funal origin

Deadly, biological agent

Toxin produced by microorganism and excreated into surrounding medium, generally protein in nature

Waste products of microorganisms

Toxin confined within body of bacterium freed only when bacterium is broken down

Hypotonic solution causes organism to swell and burst open to spill toxins inot host system

Bio-catalytic agents

Substance changes (usually speeds up) rate of chemical reaction, undergoes no net change itself during reaction

Enzyme digests hyaluronic acid, permits penetration of parasites through tissues; spreading factor

Breaks down cell walls

Enzymes usually end in - ase

Enzyme catalyzes formation of fibrin clot; produced by virulent staphylococci

Causes cells to clump up

Reverse effect of Coagulase

Not allow cells to clump up or clots to form

Lysis cell - breaks open

Layer of polysaccharides and small proteins that adheres to surface of certain bacteria; serves as buffer between cell and its environment

Protective mechanism to survive hostile environment

Sticky shell plugs up lungs, enhancing virulence

Spores not harmful

Hard seed to survive adverse living conditions

Dormant; becoming vegetative does the organism affect you

Manifest infection

Don't know they have it; no symptoms manifested

Typhoid Mary, Salmonella in horses

Microorganisms in soil break down compounds (waste products)

Sneezing, coughing; person to person droplet spray

Carried past stomach by food, water, milk, etc

STD's

Congenital diseases passed through to baby

Unbroken skin, mucus membranes, washing hands

Fever

Inflammation

Phagocytosis

Body secretions

Antibodies

Interferon

WBC's multiply and attack organisms

Lysozyme

Gastric juice (HCI)

Tears; fight things entering eyes; every cell in body contains it

Kills organisms; stomach lined with mucus membranes

Glycoprotein substance deceloped in response to, and interacting specifically with antigen (immunoglobulin)

Developed by body in response to specific invading organism (Antigen)

Antibodies are specific to organism

Substance coats outside of cell to prevent penetration of cell by virus

Prevents spread of disease

Like mucus membrane that coats body's cells

Foreign substance (from outside body) that stimulates formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it

Very specific to antigen

• Natural (innate) immunity
• Acquired immunity
• Naturally acquired
• Artificially acquired

Born with

Immunity not born with

Without outside help from doctors

Actively acquired always lasts longer than passive acquired

Having the disease and recovering

Antibodies from placental transfer and/or from colostrum (mothers milk)

Shot with vaccine or serum

Vaccines - Causative organisms are injected into you

Immune serums will wear off after a while, must get booster shot

Opportunistic disease

Binomial method of nomeclature (genus and species)

Grape-Like cluster of cocci

Food poisoning and/or infections of skin (boils, abscesses), lungs, meninges

Nosocomial infections (hopital stay)

Toxic shock syndrome

Compromised mucus membrane or skin

Person to person - droplet spray; Boils or abscesses on skin shed

Reservoir - human nose

Cluster

Chain

Ball

Rod

Pus

Generating

Human or other animal that retains disease organisms in body but has not experienced disease and shows no evidence or illness

Typhoid Mary

Chain of cocci

Streptococcal diseases (scarlet fever)

Pus generator

Strep throat with skin rash; scarlet fever, septic sore throat (streptococcal sore throat), Puerperal sepsis, Rheumatic fever

Soft tissue in back of nasopharynx, compromise mucus membrane

Person to person, droplet sray

Child bed fever

Mother's reproductive tract (uterus), mother dies

Streptococcus pyogenes pathogenicity

Damages valves in heart

Streptococcus pyogenes pathogenicity

"Fluid in the lungs"

Chain of cocci

Bacterial pneumonia - pneumococcus

Pathogenicity - Lobar pneumonia, Meningitis, Otitis media

Capsule former - plus up alveolar process of lungs

Respiratory

Person to person droplet spray

One lobe of lung, could be more

Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenicity

Inflammation of meninges

Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenicity

Middle ear inflammation, cough into throat migrated through Estuation

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Bacterial diplococcus

Transmission - sexual contact, agent of gonorrhea (Ophthalmia neonatorum); STD

Genital/urinary tract, Pili

Secual contact, birth canal to eye of baby

Ophthalmia neonatorum - blindness in newborn; Crede treatment = silver nitrate drops/eye

Bacterial diplococcus

Person to person, droplets

Meningococcal meningitis

Pathogenicity - Epidemic meningitis, Meningococcemia (in blood)

Respiratory, airborne

Reservoir - human or animal

Anaerobic spore forming (when exposed to O₂), rod

Pathogenicity - tetanus (lockjaw)

Virulence - Endospores, Exotoxin

Must be anaerobic, deep puncture wounds

Wound carried on contaminated objects (rusty nail, punji stick)

Infectious, non-communicable

Gives off toxin, disrupts nerve transmission

Preparation of altered toxin molecules

Diphtheria - Tetanus - Pertussis

Anaerobic spore forming (when exposed to O₂₎ rod

Gas gangrene, Tissue gas (gives off gas), Food intoxication

Endospores, Exotoxins, Enzymes

Compromised skin, cut or torn mucus membrane

Normal inhabitant of soil, carried on contaminated hands, etc.

Club-shaped rod

• Pathogenicity - diptheria
• Exotoxin producer, Localization in pharynx - pseudomembrane formation

Upper respiratory tract

Person to person dorplet spray

Rod shaped

Transmission - food and/or water, indirect fecal-oral Housefly mechanical vector

Typhoid fever (disease of intestine)

Gastro-intestinal tract, digestive

Dehydration kills

Rod shaped

Tularemia (Rabbit fever)

Unbroken skin - Pores

Handling infected animals

Acid-fast rod shape

Not a spoor or capsule former

• Tuberculosis
• High lipid content of cell wall gives it waxy outer coat (natural part of vegetative organism)

Respiratory tract

Airborne, environment, indirect more than direct

Acid-fast rod shaped

Pathogenicity - Opportunistic form of TB in AIDS, lung infection in immunocompromised persons

Normal host - Pigeons

Respiratory tract

Birds, Airborne in environment

Acid-fast rod shaped, intracellular, pleomorphic, characteristic waxy coating unique to mycobacteria

Warm tropical countries

Leprosy (Hansens's disease)

Spirochete

Lesions - Primary and Tertiary

Syphilis, STD

Genital - Urinary tract

Chancre (on surface of skin)

Gumma (gummy lesion, usually on spinal chord)

• Spirochete
• Lyme disease, Untreated - severe arthritis

Tick bites, deer reservoir

Asiatic cholera - Spirochete, curved rod (bent)

Food and/or water

Cause of - cholera

• Rod shaped
• Plague, Rats (flease bite rats, then bite you)

Encapsulated rod shaped, club shaped

Contact

Respiratory tract and intestine, Lobar pneumonia and urinary infection

Anaerobic spore forming rod

Botulism (food poisoning)

Gives off exotoxin

Anthrax, spore former, exotoxin producer

Dehydration from diarrhea kills

Airborne, food/water

Severe blood hemmorrhaging

Reservor - cows

Rod shaped

Respiratory droplets, agent of Haemophilus meningitis (Hib)

Airborne disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae b

Accompanied by respiratory distress followed by inflammation of meninges

Seondary infections of burns

Genus - Pseudomonas

Group of rods

Shigellosis - food/water borne bacterial disease of intestine caused by Shigella species, extensive diarrhea (often blood and mucus)

Bacillary dysentery (major diarrhea)

Spirochete

Leptospirosis - soil borne bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans, mild fever symptoms

Kitty litter box

Rod shaped

Food/water

Travelers' diarrhea, infantile diarrhea

Genetic engineering techniques and as indicator of water pollution

Enteritis - E-Coli - Intestines (natural in colin)

Curved rod shape

Food/water

Involoved in Campylobacteriosis (food/water borne bacterial disease of intestine caused by Campylobacter jejuni, accompanied by diarrhea) of intestine

Without rigid cell wall, looks like egg without shell

Pathogenicity - primary atypical pneumonia, Not caused by pneumococcus

Penicillin does not work against, no rigid cell wall

Airborne primary pneumonia

Droplets

Lung tissue destruction and respiratory symptoms

Primary atypical pneumona (PAP), "Primary" (in previously healthy individuals)

Pneumococcal pneumonia - secondary disease

Organism differs from typical pneumococcus, symptoms are unlike those in pneumococcal disease

One of Smallest bacteria causing human disease

No cell wall, fragile, will not survive for long periods outside host

Primary Atypical Pneumonia

Resembles viral pneumonia and other respiratory diseases in symptoms

Fever, fatigue, characteristic dry hacking cough

"Walking" pneumonia due to mild symptoms

Not free living organism, usually animal reservoir

Epidemic (louse born) typhus

Insect (lice) bites; Insect vector (biological)

Reserboir - Rodents-Rats

Endemic (flea borne) typhus

Insect (flea) bites; Insect vector (biological)

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tick born)

Tick bites; Insect vector (biological)

Reservoir - Deer, elk, bears

Rickettsia prowazekii

Rickettsia typhi

Rickettsia rickettsii

Ricketsia

Q fever (flu-like symptoms)

Respiratory-digestive (oral) tract

Airborne, food/water, arthropods, or conract; livestock (cattle), cow patties

Obligate, intracellular, quick

Psittacosis - Parrot fever; Ornithosis = Birds

Respiratory; Dust, Droplet spray

STD, becoming most common form STD, Proper hygiene helps prevent

Trachoma, Lymphogranuloma venereum, NGU or NSU

Genito-urinary tract; Sexual contact

Penacillin does not affect

Inflammation for eye, cloudy eye, cannot see

Chlamydia trachomatis

Inguinal region (lymph nodes)

Chlamydia trachomatis

NGU - non-gonococcal urethritis

NSU - non-specific urethritis

Chlamydia trachomatis

Obligate intracellular parasites - smallest

• Smallpox
• Measles
• German measles
• Chickenpox/Shingles
• Herpes simplex I and II

Dermatropic viral disease

Variola - Eradicated

Dermatropic viral disease

Rubeola

Dermatropic viral disease

Rubella

Dermatropic viral disease

Varicella zostera - Same organism in kids as adults

Hides in myelinated sheaths around nerves; activated by stress or lowering resistance

Dermatropic viral disease

I - Above waist

II - below waist (generally)

Viral

• Influenza
• Common cold
• Hantavirus

Pneumotropic viral disease

Symptoms manifested throughout body - aches, diarrhea, vomiting, etc. (generalized)

Pnerumotropic viral disease

Coryza - Rhinovirus attacks through nose, face area

Localized in head

Pneumotropic viral disease

Spread by mouse droppings

Influenza like symptoms with bood hemorrhaging

4 corners disease

Viral disease

• Rabies
• Poliomyelitis
• Viral encephalitis

Neurotropic disease

Animal bites, saliva

Neurotropic disease

Gray matter of brain - fecal oral route

Neurotropic disease

Inflammation of brain by virus, vectored by insect bite (mosquito)

Viral disease

• Hepatitis - A (infectious)
• Hepatitis - B (serum)
• Hepatitis - C (non A, non B)
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Cytomegalovirus
• Epidemic parotitis - mumps

Viscerotropic viral disease

fecal oral route

Viscerotropic disease

Bodily fluids transferred

Viscerotropic disease

Deadly

Viscerotropic disease

Epstein-Barr virus

Kissing disease - Mouth to mouth contact

Viscerotropic disease

Cells of great size, cloudy swelling, fever, malaise, enlarged spleen/liver

Viscerotropic disease

Swollen.inflamed parotid glands

MMR shot - Mumps, Measles, Rubella

Cause of AIDS

Kaposi's sarcoma - Blotchy skin in aids patients

T-cells are major group of cells affected

Aquired Immune Difficancy Syndrom

Occupational Safety & Health Administration

Mad cow disease

Prion

Toxoplasmosis - species of parasitic Protzoa in genus Toxoplasma, definitive host of T. Gondii is cat, parasite can be carried by many warm-blooded animals (birds, mammals)

Protozoa

Amebic dysentery

Plasmodium vivax

Malaria - monkeys, mosquitoes (female of Anopheles mosquito)

Protozoa

Amoebiasis (dysentery) - Montezuma's revenge, contaminated water

Protozoa

PCP. Pneumonia - complication in AIDS, low fever, non-productive cough, caused by yeast-like fungus

Fungi

Aspergillosis


Fungi

Cryptococcosis - lungs, spinal chord (most dangerous), spread to respiratory by pigeon droppings

Fungi

Candidiasis - yeast infection, vaginal thrush, Monilia albicans, normal inhabitant of human, immunocompromised

Fungi

Histoplasmosis - lungs, pneumonia, confused as lung caner or TB

Fungi

Coccidiomycosis - valley fever

Fungi

General name for all funal diseases

Skin - dermatropic disease

Ringworm, athletes foot, jockitch

Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease

No capsid around strand of genetic material

Not alive

Slow disease, may take 17 years to manifest symptoms

Entamoeba histolytica

Plasmodium malaria

Tozoplasma gondii

Move with cilia

Motion in water

False feet

• Single-cell
• Pseudopodia
• Move by forming pseudopods (ameboid), or flagellum
• Insects vector
• Ciliophora

Yeasts & Protozoa

Single-cell

Intertwined filaments of cells (fungi)

• Eukarotic
• Hyphae
• Form spores for reproduction

Causes blockage of blood vessels

Inflammation of inner lining of heart, or clots in heart vessels

Most common cause of Aspergillosis

Infection of lung, yeild aspergilloma (round ball of mycelium)

Conidia in earwax - Otomycosis

Unique disease

Fungus enters as conidia (Asexually produced fungal spores formed on supportive structure without enclosing sac), grows as myceliym

Compromised host, overwhelming number of conidia enter tissue

Aspergillus fumigatus

Fungal disease of lungs and spinal cord

Opportunistic disease, compromised immune systems

Fungi causes Cryptococcosis

Opportunistic fungus infects immunocompromised patients

Fungi infection caused by Candida albicans

Yeast infection if intestine

Vaginal tract ("yeast disease"), or mucous membranes of mouth (thrush)

Fungus causes candidiasis

Opportunistic fungus infects immunocompromised patients

Candidiasis

Fungus often in human lung

Cause of histoplasmosis

Fungal disease of lungs

Coccidioides immitis

Cough, malaise, other respiratory symptoms

Fungi disease of skin

Microsporum species, Trichophyton species, Epidermophyton species

Opportunistic fungus, Fungi

Infects lungs, causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients

PCP - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia - lung infection and suffocation; pneumocystosis

Protozoa

Sporozoa group

Toxoplasmosis - disease of blood, contact with cats or consumption of beef; malaise

Immunocompromised patients

Fetal injury in pregnant women

Protozoa of apicomplexa (formerly Sporozoa)

Mosquitoes; monkey normal host

Infect RBC's, Malaria - P. Vivax, P. Malaria, P. Falciparum

Unicellular, spore-forming, parasites of animals

Protozoa

Food/water

Amebic dysentery

Kuru, Scrapie, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - mad cow disease

Slow virus diseases (much as 17 years)

Infectious particles of protein; diseases of brain

Can survive heat, radiation, and chemical treatment

Entamoeba histolytic

Plasmodium species

Toxoplasma gondii

• Mocrosporum sp., Trichophyton sp., Epidermophyton sp.
• Coccidiodes immitis
• Dermatomycosis
• Doccidioidomycosis
• Histoplasma capulatum
• Candida albicans - Candidiasis
• Cryptococcus neoformans - Cryptococcosis
• Aspergillosis
• Pneumocystis - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

Mold

Amoeba

Tinea

Candida

Entamoeba

Richettsia

Yeasts and Molds

Bacteria

Protozoa

Multicellular

Fungi

Amoebic dysentery

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica

Candida albicans

Sporozoa

Fungus

Fungi

Protozoa

Unicellular

Fungi

Candida

Nuclear body

Nuclear membrane

Procaryotic

Protozoa

Yeasts

Autolysis

Yeasts

Will prevent contamination by these organisms when exposure occurs

No capsid around strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA)

Not alive

Fungi

Aspergillosis

Fungi

Cryptococcosis - Lungs

Spinal cord - most dangerous

May be fatal

Spread to respiratory tract by pigeon droppings

Fungi

Candidates - yeast infection

Viginal thrush

Monilia albicans

White fungus in AIDS patients

Normal inhabitant of humans

Harms compromised immune system

Fungi

Histoplasmosis - Lungs, pneumonia

Confused as lung cancer or TB

Fungi

Coccidiodomycosis - Valley Fever

Microsporum sp.

Trichophyton sp.

Epidermophyton sp.

Fungi

Skin - Dermatropic diseases

Ringworm, Athletes foot, Jock itch, etc

Eukaryotic

Hype - intertwined filaments of cells

Forms spores for reproduction