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electrolytes
Mineral salts (sodium, potassium, and calcium) that carry an electrical charge in solution
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filtrate
fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli of the kidney
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nitrogenous wastes
products of cellular metabolism that contains nitrogen
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peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelivic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity
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semen
flued containing sperm and secretions from the prostate and other structures of the male reproductive system; also called seminal fluid
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testosterone
androgenic hormone responsibile for the development of the male sex organs, including the penis, testicles, scrotum, and prostate
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ur/o
urine, urinary tract
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orch/o
orchi/o
orchid/o
test/o
testis (plural, testes)
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perine/o
perineum (area between scrotum [or vulva in in the female] and anus)
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spermat/o
sperm/o
sprematozoa, sperm cells
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vas/o
vessel; vas deferens; duct
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vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
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albumin/o
albumin, protein
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azot/o
nitrogenous compounds
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gonad/o
gonads, sex glands
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kal/i
potassium (an electrolyte)
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keton/o
ketone bodies (acids and acetones)
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olig/o
scanty (decreased production)
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anuria
absence of urine production or urinary output
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azotemia
retention of excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) in the blood; also called uremia
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bladder neck obstruction (BNO)
blockage at base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
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chronic renal failure
renal failure that occurs over a period of years, in which the kidneys lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids with normal dietary intake
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dysuria
painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a "burning sensation" while urinating
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end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
condition is which kidney function is permanently lost
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enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence
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fistula
abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
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frequency
voiding urine at frequent intervals
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hesitancy
involuntary delay in initiating urination
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hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
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nephrotic syndrome
loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin by way of urine due to increased permeability of glomerular membrane
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nocturia
excessive or frequent urination after going to bed
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oliguria
diminished capacity to form and pass urine, resulting in inefficient excretion of the end products of metabolism
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polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
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urgency
feeling of the need to void immediately
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vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass thru the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
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Wilms tumor
rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children
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anorchidism
congenital absence of one or both testes; also called anorchia or anorchism
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aspermia
failure to form or ejaculate semen
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balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis
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epispadias
malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis
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erectile dysfunction (ED)
repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse
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hydrocele
accumulation of serous fluid in a saclike cavity, especially the testes and associated structures
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hypospadias
developmental anormaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or, in extreme cases, on the perineum
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phimosis
stenosis or narrowing of preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis
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sterility
inability to produce offspring; in the male, inability to fertilize the ovum
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varicocele
swelling and distention of veins of the spermatic cord
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digital rectal examination (DRE)
screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions of abnormally firm areas that might indicate cancer
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electromyography (EMG)
measures the contraction of the muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
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testicular self-examination
self-examination of the testes for abnormal lumps or swelling in the scrotal sac
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cystoscopy (cysto)
endoscopy of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths, and removal of polyps
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nephroscopy
endoxcopy of the kidney(s) using a specialized, three-channel endoscope that enables visualization and irrigation of the kidney
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urethroscopy
endoscopy of the urethra using a specialized endoscope, typically for lithotripsy or TURP
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
test that determines the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, present in a blood sample
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culture and sensitivity (C&S)
test that determines the causative organism of a disease and how the organism responds to various antibiotics
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostatic cancer
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semen analysis
test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility of verify sterilization after a vasectomy
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cystography
radiographic examination of the urinary bladder using a contrast medium
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cystometrography
procedure that assesses volume and pressure in the bladder at various stages of filling using saline and a contrast medium introduced into the bladder through a catheter
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intravenous pyelography (IVP)
radiographic examination of the kidneys, and urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excetrory urography (EU)
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kidney, ureter; bladder (KUB) radiography
radiographic examination to determine the location, size, and shape of the kidneys in relationship to other organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and to identify abnormalities of the urine system
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nuclear scan
-renal
- radiology test in which radioactive materials called tracers are introduced into the patient and a specialized camera, which acts as a radiation detector, produces images by recording the emitted tracers
- -imaging test where a monitor is used to track a radioactive substance as it passes thru the kidney
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voiding cystourethrography
radiological examination of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding usinga a contrast medium to enhance imaging
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dialysis
medical procedure used to filter toxic substances from the patient's bloodstream, such as excess electrolytes and nitrogenous wastes
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hemodialysis
method of removing waste substances from the blood by shunting it from the body, passing it thru an artificial kidney machine where it is filtered, and then returning the dialyzed blood to the patients body
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peritoneal
removal of toxic substances from the body by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution
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circumcision
removal of all or part of the foreskin, or perpuce, of the penis
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nephropexy
fixation of a floating or mobile kidney
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orchidectomy
removal of one or both testes; also called orchiectomy
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transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
surgical procedure that involves inserting a resectoscope into the urethra to "chip away" at the prostate gland to remove the obstruction and flushing out the chips and sending them for analysis to detect possible evidence of cancer
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urethrotomy
incision of a urethral stricture
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vasectomy
excision of all or a segment of the vas deferens
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antibiotics
treat bacterial infections to the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
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antispasmodics
decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
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diuretics
promote and increase the excretion of urin
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potassium supplements
replace potassium due to depletion caused by diuretics
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androgens
increase testosterone levels
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anti-impotence agents
treat erectile dysfunction (impotence) by increasing blood flow to the penis, resulting in an erection
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