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naturalgirl1987
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kidneys
major exretory organs of body
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urinary bladder
temporary storage reservoir for urine
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ureters
transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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urethra
transports urine out of the body
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nitrogenous waste products exreted from the kidney
- urea
- creatine
- (both come from protien metabolism)
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renal hilum consists of
- renal artery (supplies blood to kid)
- renal vein (drains blood from kid)
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kid functions
- removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, excess ions from blood
- regulation of blood volume, chemical composition(electrolytes), and ph
- gluconeogenesis (new glucose production) during prolonged fasting
- endocrine functions : renin - regluation of bp and kidney function
- erythropoietin- regulation of RBC produciton
- activation of vitamin D
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kidney anatomy
- layers of supportive tissue
- fibrous capsule (kidney is encased in a fibrous capsule)
- -protects kidney
- -has pain receptors (nociceptors)
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internal kidney anatomy
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
- lobe (medullary pyramid)
- papilla (tip of renal pyramid)
- minor calyx's drain into major calyx's
- renal pelvis
- ureter
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renal artery
- is a branch off of the abdominal aorta
- delivers oxygenated blood to the kidneys through the renal hilum
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arterial blood supply
- RSI ACA
- Renal artery
- segmental artery
- interlobal artery
- arcuate artery
- cortical radiate artery
- afferent arteriole
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nephron
- structural and functional units that from urine
- about 1 million per kidney
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two main parts of nephron
- renal corpuscle
- bowmans capsule
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renal corpuscle
- -glomerulus
- -bowmans capsule
- * visceral layer of bowmans capsule is represented by the cell podocyte
- *parietal layer of bowmans capsule
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bowmans space
space between parietal and visceral layer of bowman's capsule
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glomerular filtration
plasma leaks out of the glomerulus into bowman's space
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during glomerular filtration plasma becomes
filtrate
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filtration system
- in order for plasma to leave glomerulus and become filtrate it must first go through fenestrations which are in the endothelium of the glomerulus
- -basement membrane
- -podoyctes
- -podocytes make filtration slits
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filtration membrane =
fenestrations plus basement membrane plus filtration slits
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what enters bowmans space
- enters tubular system
- after, whatever is left becomes urine
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nephrons are located
in teh cortex and medulla
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renal corpuscle
glomerulus plus it's glomerular capsule
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albumin
is too big to pass through the glomerulus into bowmans capsule
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renal tubules
- -proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- -Loof of Henle
- -distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- -collecting duct
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as the filtrate moves through the renal tubules two processes occur
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
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afferent arteriole brings blood to glomerulus
afferent arteriole gives rise to glomerulus
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when blood leaves glomerulus it goes into
- efferent arterioles
- efferent arterioles give rise to peritubular capillaries
- peritubular capillaries give rise to peritubular veins
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cortical nephron
most nephrons are cortical
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juxtamedullary nephron
- 15% of nephrons
- contain loop of henle
- contain second set of capillaries called the vasa recta in addition to peritubular capillaires
- plays critical role in concentrating and diluting the urine
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tubular reabsorption
moves from the filtrate to peritubular capillaries. Most reabsorption occurs in PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
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when filtrate moves from the loop of henle to DCT these hormones come into play
- -ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
- a. mostly in collecting duct
- b. causes increased water reabsorption
- -aldosterone
- a. principal cells
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tubular secretion
goes from blood into the filtrate
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once the filtrate passes teh collecting duct it becomes urine
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juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
- cells where the loop of henle is becoming the DCT
- -manula densa cells
- they are chemoreceptors, sense content of filtrate
- constrict or dilate depending on sodium chloride content
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granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
- found in teh afferent arteriole
- sense blood pressure
- contain granules of renin
- If they sense BP is too low, they will secrete renin which causes aldosterone to be released from the adrenal cortex
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ureters
smooth muscle which propels urine from the kidney to the bladder
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ureters open in an area called
the trigone
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detrusor muscle
autononomic nervous system cause detrusor muscle to contract which causes urination (micturition)
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sphincters
- internal sphincter
- -smooth muscle
- external sphincter
- -in pelvic floor
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micturition
- urination or voiding
- 3 simultaneous events
- -contration of detrusor muscles by ANS
- -opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS
- -opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic nervous system
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